Cusick and Her Lesbian Relationship with Music Essay

In the paper â€Å"On a Lesbian Relationship with Music: A Serious Effort Not to Think Straight† by Suzanne G. Cusick, she raises an intriguing theme about the association between her being a lesbian and her being an artist, a musicologist, if there exists any. I’m particularly intrigued by the â€Å"power system† and the connection among musicality and lesbianism she makes reference to in this article. Here, I’ll attempt to examination them in detail and relate them with different issues in music and sexuality, investigating them in a progressively broad picture. Cusick reclassifies the idea of sexuality in her paper, as the method of â€Å"expressing or potentially establishing connections of closeness through physical delight shared, acknowledged, or given.† According to her, this procedure of communicating and sanctioning can likewise be found in our melodic exercises, where the flow of physical joy can be experienced also. Hence, she says that our musicalities and our sexualities are â€Å"psychically nearby neighbors.† (70) I have to guarantee that this thought of her stuns me. From my past melodic experience, I’m almost certain that music is a subject profoundly private for me. For example, I for the most part have hesitance when I’m requested to sing or play out a tune composed without anyone else, regardless of whether I think it is a splendid one. What's more, this won’t occur if the tune is somebody else’s. As I would like to think, music, particularly my own music which I’m by and by appended to, is an outflow of my actual self, and that character and individual qualities contained in it makes it so exceptional that I won’t be happy to impart it to other people, except if it’s somebody truly near me. Another reality that I think will bolster Cusick’s thought is that various individuals consistently have various assessments towards a similar bit of music. Regardless of how the arranger sees it, the audience as a rule tends to relate it to his/her very own encounters, which contrast from individual to individual. It is sensible to feel that music is an image of someone’s characters and qualities, in view of the closeness the music makes. In this way, I accept that there exists an association between the musicality and the sexuality of someone in particular, since them two are disclosures of his/her actual character, and we can inspect our own practices on them two. As such, these two elements are associated on account of the individual who they have a place with, and they are contained in the arrangement of his/her points of view. Cusick likewise clarifies in her article what is being a â€Å"lesbian† and how to characterize sexuality, which are fundamental inquiries in the event that we need to relate it to music. From her perspective, the quintessence of one’s sexuality and the component of all connections is the force framework. A model that can clarify this is the thing that musicologists state about the manliness in Beethoven. In Susan McClary’s feeling, there exist melodic developments of sex and sexuality. She respects the field of music and musicology as male-overwhelmed, since the manly standard and the qualification between sexes are profoundly established in music, for example, manly and ladylike rhythms, rhythms, gendered major and minor sets of three, and so forth (7) She additionally dissects Beethoven’s music, which to her contains â€Å"pounding†, â€Å"thrusting† motions that speak to manliness. (75) despite what might be expected, in Sanna Pederson’s article â€Å"Beethoven and Masculinity,† she rethinks the idea of manliness and the connection between it with Beethoven. She expresses that we can locate an elective methodology, contending that we see Beethoven as image of manliness on account of the mind-boggling thought that survey lady as â€Å"as perpetual, endless pith, as something contrary to the progressively endeavoring and accomplishing man.† (326) Matthew Head likewise moves toward this from another point of view by looking at the courageous in Beethoven’s works, finding many cross-dressed champions. (132) It’s eminent that despite the fact that there is significance put on female characters, ladies generally need to hide their sexuality and violate the gendered standards so as to fill in as the exemplifications in the stylish circle. This shows, regardless of what sort of association there exists among Beethoven and manliness, there exists a force framework that accentuation on the imbalance among people, where ladies as less †worth less, power less †man, in both our general public and in music. Whichever contention we accept, we should concede the broad nearness of the force framework in our general public, and by and by, it tends to be discovered both in music and in numerous connections between individuals, particularly hetero ones. The most noteworthy perspective of her in this paper, I believe, is that she thinks being a lesbian is a departure from this force framework: As a lady, as a non-ruling and non-power lady who adores another lady in her relationship, the progression of intensity can exist in the two headings, instead of a hetero relationship where a man commonly has the overwhelming and ground-breaking impact. Furthermore, Cusick accepts this is the excellence of a lesbian relationship: it’s about â€Å"organizing the power field of intensity, delight, and closeness that declines the straightforward double resistance male and female†. The absence of resistance makes a world that scrambles the typical segments of â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman†, and a world â€Å"free of fixed categories.† (73) This helps me to remember the narrative â€Å"Paris is Burning†, which paralyzed me with its concept of festivities of an incredible articulation of characters, with no limitation of limits. There, what makes a difference is the individual prides, which are completely appeared in the â€Å"drag nights† in New York. Cusick further clarifies the components in a lesbian relationship as the â€Å"power/joy/intimacy† group of three. (71) From my understanding, this is in fact a suitable method to watch a relationship. As I referenced previously, power is a significant factor that courses inside the relationship. What’s more, delight and closeness are goals that we for the most part need to accomplish when we are included somebody we love, and along these lines they are basic reinforces of a relationship. As Cusick says, this set of three can be experienced all the more unreservedly in lesbian connections, on the grounds that without the force streaming just one way, the correspondence and harmony between the two sweethearts can give them more closeness and delight, both truly and mystically, from their relationship. Henceforth, in Cusick’s article, being a lesbian isn't just a sexual direction; it is likewise the way one wants to carry on, to sort out the relationship to the world in a â€Å"power/delight/intimacy† group of three. It’s a method of cannot, breaking, and making, and to adapt to the world such that she likes. What's more, these practices can likewise be re cognized in a person’s musicality, which is additionally worked in his/her personality. All the more strangely, Cusick discusses the â€Å"lesbian relationship† she has with music. She regards music as a lady, and a lady that can be a darling, and furthermore the dearest †as in a lesbian relationship where the force courses the two different ways and cross without limits. (78) In the article â€Å"Musicality, Essentialism, and the Closet† composed by Philip Brett, he likewise examines music be seen as female. Brett says that ever, music has frequently been viewed as a hazardous substance, â€Å"an operator of good uncertainty consistently in dander of giving degenerate status to its practitioners.† (11) By portraying music as a lady that â€Å"ravish† our sense or our spirit, individuals from the medieval and early present day times let us perceive how close music and sexuality can be. This likewise makes Cusick’s regarding music as a female sweetheart progressively reasonable. Another thought of her that advantages me is that she figures her decision of music can mirrors her sexuality. She says that her affection for concealed connections and the pressure between the apparent structure, which speaks to the strain between an accepted practice and â€Å"a extremely serious extent of eccentricity,† proposes her getaway from the force framework. Likewise, she dis-lean towards music cap upset this force harmony. (77) She clarifies this by saying that her â€Å"lesbian self† let her incline toward particular sorts of music and reject some different sorts. This makes me consider by and large, how people’s decisions of music mirror their sexuality and personality, and how much. I concur that the decisions of music can mirror that person’s character somewhat, yet I additionally accept that the music he/she listens can shape that individual into the characteristics and characters that the music needs him/her to have. Equivalent to Cusickà ¢â‚¬â„¢s relationship with her music, there is a counter-impact here also. Rentfrow and Gosling found in their exploration that people’s music inclinations are identified with a wide cluster of character measurements and self-sees. In the event that the connections between music inclinations and character do exist, we can without much of a stretch induce that our decisions of music mirror our personality, which likewise connections to our sexuality. In addition, we can generally observe the impacts of music on individuals. It has been appeared by Frederick H. Martens that music applies its aggregate impact over the span of history. He likewise says that as an individual impact, music is one of the components in the life of rulers and rulers, which additionally â€Å"has applied a pretty much direct effect on the fates of nations and peoples.† We can see plainly from his article that music can essentially influence one’s perspectives and contemplations on this world, subsequently it is a significant component in coordinating peopleâ€⠄¢s character and attributes. Subsequently, the connection between a perso

Business Law Warranty Clause Matter

Question: Examine about the Business Law for Warranty Clause Matter. Answer: 1. The issue in the initial segment is that whether there lays any agreement among Vanessa and Nikhil Car Sales Pty Ltd or not. There are sure basic components that decide the nearness of an agreement between two gatherings. There ought to be an offer made by one gathering and a similar offer ought to be acknowledged on the communicated terms unaltered by the other party in any case. This nearness ofoffer and acknowledgment is one of the initial steps of building a contract[1]. It ought to be expressed in this issue Nikhil Car deals had thought of the promotion for the offer of trade-in vehicles in the papers. This shows Nikhil Car Sales had given an encouragement to treat and this was taken as against a proposal by Vanessa. She selected to get one of the vehicles and along these lines the offer started. The second basic of framing an agreement is the nearness of thought. In the given issue, the cash offered by Vanessa that is $9,500 is the thought. In this way, it tends to be said that the fundamental components of framing an agreement have been fulfilled among them. Also, there are sure different conditions too which ought to be approved before an agreement is upheld. The gatherings to the agreement ought to have shared assent in the matter[2]. This suggests both the gatherings to the agreement ought to consent to the provisions of the agreement and none of the gatherings ought to be in a special circumstance over the other. In the given occasion both Nikhil and Vanessa had assent in the issue and consented to the terms that were commonly agreed by every single one of them. Ability of the gatherings to go into the agreement is another viewpoint that should be investigated. This suggests the gatherings in the agreement ought to have the lawful legitimacy to go into the agreement. They ought to be of appropriate age and ought not have any legitimate inadequacy to go into the agreement. In the given circumstance, there is nothing which focuses that either Nikhil or Vanessa were lawfully uncouth to go into the agreement. Thus, it is demonstrated pas t any sensible uncertainty that all the components of a legitimate agreement are available in the issue and henceforth there exists a substantial agreement among Vanessa and Nikhil Car Sales Pty Ltd. There is anyway nonappearance of any guarantee statement in the issue. Be that as it may, this can't nullify the agreement on the grounds that the nearness of a guarantee proviso in each agreement isn't required and it can stay missing in certain contracts[3]. On the off chance that both the gatherings knew about the nonattendance of the guarantee proviso in the agreement , and brought up no criticism to the extent the legitimacy of the agreement is being referred to, at that point the nonappearance of the statement doesn't let the whole agreement to be discredited. The nonattendance of the guarantee provision would not influence the idea of the agreement and the understanding went into by Nikhil and Vanessa would stay in effect[4]. 2. Most definitely, it very well may be said that carelessness in the issue has been directed by Nikhil in the issue and Vanessa has rights to guarantee for pay of the carelessness caused towards her. The rule behind carelessness is that the gathering that whines of ought to owe to the next gathering griping an obligation to fare thee well and the gathering that grumbles ought to have the option to demonstrate that the harm that he has endured is an outcome of that penetrate of duty[5]. Along these lines, it very well may be said that there are sure fundamentals of carelessness to be specific the transgressor owed an obligation of care and that obligation was penetrated by him[6]. In any case, had there been another sensible individual on that position, the sea shore would have been kept away from. In this way, the misfortune that was endured by the offended party ought to be an aftereffect of the penetrate of obligation of care owed by the respondent in any matter[7]. The obligation an yway isn't any normal obligation or an ethical commitment. It is a legitimate obligation to take care penetrating which may bring about a risk for paying damages[8]. In the given circumstance, Nikhil knew that Vanessa was depending on him for settling on the choice about purchasing the consideration. Regardless of staying alert he decided to give her bogus portrayals. He digressed from his expert obligation of expressing reality with regards to the past responsibility for vehicle just as the genuine odometer running of the vehicle. This shows his disappointment in any situation to agree to his obligation of care. In this manner, it tends to be said that the underlying two fundamentals have been fulfilled by Nikhil that build up his carelessness in the issue. It is additionally past sensible uncertainty that Vanessa suffered harm in view of the carelessness of Nikhil. The back rigging of the vehicle was not working inside a quarter of a year of her buying the vehicle. She additionally said that she had no expectations to purchase the vehicle in the event that she was made mindful of the genuine state of the vehicle. Notwithstanding, she wound up purchasing the equivalent simply because she was erroneously spoken to with the realities about the vehicle. Consequently it tends to be indisputably said on this viewpoint that the misfortune endured by Vanessa is simply because of the carelessness of Nikhil. Consequently, carelessness in the issue is demonstrated past any sensible questions. Notwithstanding, it ought to likewise be noticed that Vanessa contributed towards the carelessness which happens to be a legitimate protection against the allegation towards Nikhil. It has been settled that Vanessa had choices of checking about the whereabouts of the vehicle. In addition, the hand book was set right inside the vehicle which contained all the insights concerning the vehicle. Despite this, Vanessa aimlessly depended on the portrayals made by Nikhil and executed the buy. This shows Vanessa had contributed towards the carelessness. Thus, to the extent custom-based law is being referred to, there are no cures that Vanessa has in the issue. 3. In the given issue, when Vanessa went to analyze the vehicle, she was told and demonstrated that the vehicle had a solitary past proprietor and it had just run for 75,000 kilometers. Be that as it may, truth be told, the vehicle was possessed by an organization already and it was an armada vehicle. In addition, it had really run for 175,000 kilometers. Nonetheless, it ought to likewise be noticed that inside the vehicle, there was a help book of the vehicle and it contained all the subtleties of the vehicle and its tasks. The administration book was not avoided Vanessa and she was permitted to inspect the vehicle completely. Then again, Nikhil himself revealed to Vanessa that the vehicle was the best one out of the part and had just a single proprietor beforehand. The odometer of the vehicle likewise mirrored the perusing that was imparted by Nikhil. Vanessa came to think about the genuine state of the vehicle from her repairman. It tends to be said that Vanessa has rights under the precedent-based law. The lead of Nikhil can be supposed to be a deceptive and tricky direct. Segment 18(1) of the ACL denies an individual from going into any deceptive or tricky lead in his business[9]. The preconditions in such manner are that the respondent ought to be an individual and ought to be occupied with some exchange or trade. He ought to thusly have occupied with a direct that is deluding or tricky. Beguiling is said to have been done when an individual is made to think something that is bogus or would have prompted a mistake in musings. Deceiving is said to have been done when the individual is driven adrift in real life. A break under Section 18 of the ACL gives common outcomes in the hands of the offended party. Sentiments communicated additionally establish a penetrate under this section[10]. Where the assessment is accepted to be valid by the other party and the supposition ends up being really a bogus one given purposefully, at that point such a case is taken to be a break under the law and the offended party gets qualified for get remedies[11]. In the given circumstance, however Vanessa had the chance of checking all the insights regarding the vehicle, yet the reality can't be disregarded that she was bamboozled. The illegitimate odometer perusing was appeared to her and there is no support to this. Additionally, it was likewise advised to her that the vehicle had a solitary proprietor. This announcement is somewhat evident on the grounds that the vehicle was an armada vehicle and had a place with an organization. Subsequently, these comprised puff proclamations made to hoodwink her[12]. In addition, a supposition was additionally communicated by Nikhil with respect to the vehicle that he felt it was the best. Subsequently, it tends to be said that all these were done distinctly to execute the deal and trick Vanessa. Hence, Vanessa can guarantee for harms under Section 236 as well as can request compensatory arranges under Division 4 of the ACL. References Cheshire, G. C, C. H. S Fifoot and M. P Furmston,Cheshire And Fifoot's Law Of Contract(Butterworths, 2009) Corones, S. G,The Australian Consumer Law(Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, 2011) Mill operator, Russell V,Miller's Australian Competition And Consumer Law Annotated(Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, 2011) Turner, C. F,Australian Commercial Law(LBC Information Services, 2001) (Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee(1957) 1 WLR Donoghue v Stevenson[1932] AC Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller[1964] AC Multiplex Constructions Pty Ltd v Amdel Ltd[1991] ATPR Walker Corporation Pty Limited v Sydney Harbor Foreshore Authority[2008] HCA Weitman v Katies(1977) 2 TPC

3 Tips for Adjusting to the Grad School Grind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

3 Tips for Adjusting to the Grad School Grind COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thanks to Hon W. for submitting this blog topic.  Submit your idea for a blog post here. The average age of a SIPA student is 27, which means most of us have had at least a few years of work experience before starting school. While we made the decision to go back to school for our Master’s, there’s little that can prepare you for going back to school.   There are some students who make the adjustment from work-life to school-life seamlessly. There are others, like myself, who found it a bit challenging. When you’re working you have deadlines and short-term projects, and you don’t always have to work on the weekends or past 5 PM. But when you get to SIPA, you are running a marathon. You have to make it through midterms and finals, and you may have to study on weekends or until 11 PM (this depends on the diligence of the student). So naturally, when you’ve been out of academia for a minute, the adjustment back into it can be hard to grapple with. Here are my top three tips for those thinking about applying to, or arriving at SIPA from the working world. Be prepared to play the long game and train yourself to study again. School is hard, and it’s okay to admit that. It’s important to be honest when you need help, and to seek assistance. Professors don’t want you to be overloaded to a breaking point, so if you’re feeling overwhelmed I recommend you communicate that to them. Generally, they’ll work with you to find a solution. Also, make an effort to train yourself to study again. As one professor said to me my first week at SIPA, “If you’re reading every line of the assigned readings, you’re doing it wrong.” Remember this, because there is no way you can do 600 pages of reading a week with everything going on. To strike a balance, I recommend forming study groups, or reading groups with classmates to divide up the work. This really helps if you’re taking a reading intensive course such as War, Peace, and Strategy (get ready, all those ISPers out there). Make a schedule similar to that of the one you maintained when you were at work. A lot of fellow classmates told me one way they adjusted to school-life was by making a schedule that mirrored the one they had prior to SIPA. They stuck to working hours from 9AM-6PM, and this included classes, recitations, and study/homework hours. This helped them think of school like work, and therefore, they were able to maintain a healthy work-life balance. I failed to do this my first semester and wish I had, because I think it would have forced me in to a school=work mentality that I just didn’t come into grad school with. Cut yourself a break, and make sure to factor in “Me Time.” Taking time for yourself is important in preventing burnout. Plan time for you to workout at Dodge Fitness Center (or another gym), carve out time to not work on at least one day during the week (for me it was Saturday), or simply make time to go see New York. Getting out of the SIPA bubble is beneficial for a student’s mental health, and can really help put things in perspective. It’s also a great way to connect with fellow classmates outside the classroom. This is by no means an exhaustive list of things a student coming back in to academia can do to adjust, but these are the main ones I think a lot of us talk about most. Finally, everyone reacts differently to re-entering academia, but we all come out the other end with a Master’s degree and a boatload of experiences. Now that I find myself back in the working world, I feel I have the necessary toolset I need to get to that next level â€" one that wouldn’t have been possible unless I went back to academia and to SIPA.

Health Care Reform Law Effect On Nursing - 1214 Words

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A group of nurse midwives in Minnesota was able to fight back state legislation that would have substantially cut payments for their services. â€Å"The health reform law contains provisions that will produce more nurses to meet increasing demands for health care, prepare more highly-skilled nurses to better meet the needs of an aging population with more complex health problems, and create opportunities for nurses to participate in and lead efforts to redesign the nation’s ailing health care system,† said Susan Hassmiller, Ph.D., R.N., F.A.A.N., Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) senior adviserShow MoreRelatedEffects of the Healthcare Reform on Nurses1001 Words   |  5 Pages2011 Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the effects of the health care reform on the nursing industry, and nurses becoming the glue to holding the new health care reform intact. Effects of the Health Reforms on Nursing The Health care reform has been a major issue over the past decade. 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The Impact of Globalization on Hr Practice - 6154 Words

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A Report on Conversation Analysis Techniques Free Essays

Conversation analysis, usually abridged as CA, is a general method to the review of dialogues. It is the evaluation of the discourse in communication in almost all aspects of discussions on a daily basis. In all of these, we can say that â€Å"talk makes things happen†. We will write a custom essay sample on A Report on Conversation Analysis Techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now The CA commonly tries to depict the organization of composition and chronological arrangement of interaction. As we can notice in the transcription, it can be taken into account as a naturalized transcription, where statements are recorded in as much feature as viable, most frequently observed in conversation analysis investigation. In trying to understand this particular transcription, it is a fundamental approach of CA that the action, which the partakers articulates, will depend not only on its verbal communication manner, but also on its position in the series, on the framework, on the distinctiveness of the presenter, and many others. Recently, the CA techniques of sequential examination have been in work by phoneticians to delve into the good phonetic aspect of speech. Some of the basic techniques and methods are the following: Turn-taking Organization This is a technique wherein a talk is made in and via turns. Turn-taking is a means by which interrelating people apportion the privilege or responsibility to take part in the diversion of an exchange of ideas. In accordance with CA, the turn-taking scheme is made up of two mechanisms which are the turn constructional component and the turn allocation component. These techniques for dialogues were recognized inductively during pragmatic study of copies of demonstrations where discourse members chat one by one. This can be observed in the quoted part of transcription in which the people conversing take their turns alternately. â€Å"1. R: Hello Julia! How are you? Long time no see. 2. J: Yeah! Hi! How are you Richard? 3. R: I am good. I am good. I’ve been away for a few weeks. I have been with my father at work† The turn constructional component illustrates principal elements which achieve identifiable common dealings. It can be remarked that not every factor types may exist in all languages. Besides, it is likely that there are parts in other vernaculars, such as units in Asian speech that may not be present in English, French, and many other languages. This may be identified by an alteration in the tone or loudness of the expression, the last part of a syntactic element of speech, a brief stillness or stop, or a few variety of body movement. Changeover linking the participants typically takes place at such a situation. However, this component is not applied in the transition since the two chatting participants have a common set of language. While the turn allocation component expresses how chances to speak are shared by the presenters in a discussion. This can be used by directing, referring to a name, applying eye contact, etc. ; and is evident in the transcription since Julia addresses Richard through using his name. Sequence Organization This affects how events are arranged in discussion. This comprises adjacency pairs and pre-sequences. Adjacency pairs are described with chats that are inclined to come about in reactive pairs; though, they may be divided over a succession of turns. Participants talk about a switch over of views and compliments because a lot of spoken deeds entitle a specific sort of vocal reaction as an immediate reply. Other dealings appeal for a dissimilar kind of accomplishment such as requests with approvals or refusals. Pre-sequences, on the other hand, employ chains of conversation prior to resolute chat. They arise when certain initial act is taken ahead of starting the primary element of an adjacency pair. Prior to uttering a demand, for example, it regularly creates meaning to make sure whether the other character has the thing one desires. In the transcription, a question-answer pair can be cited which sets up a request-approval. â€Å"52. R: Ok I will have to come down and visit you then = 53. J: = Of course! =† Preference organization This technique coincides with the sequence organization technique since it also involves preferences for a number of act categories in the channel of communication over other dealings. The modes in which the two classes of collective actions are fulfilled successively are referred to as preferred and dispreferred. The idea of predilection of communicators induces their understanding of spoken acts. A hush in response to an appeal, as an example, may be taken as substantiation of a possible imminent unfavored answer or a disclaimer. However, this technique is not applied in the transcription since there is no request that was approved or rejected. Alignment For a discourse to flow easily and efficiently, the orderliness of exchanges must be directed well and must follow a particular trajectory. The reaction to a remark normally offers a form of explanation of the previous statement and so signifies the alignment. Appraisals such as â€Å"That’s good†, inscriptions such as â€Å"Oh, wow! †, formulations like providing the general idea of what has been said, and two-way final points of the presenter’s statements, all supply confirmations of how the dialogue of the conversing persons is being comprehended. Repairs are used to mend a failure of discussion and reinstate alignment. Failures can be misinterpretations like â€Å"What did you say? â€Å"; â€Å"What do you mean? † as well as discords like â€Å"I think you’re wrong†, denunciation such as â€Å"No, I won’t† and other complexity. Revisions may occur when the speaker can anticipate that trouble is likely and reformulates talk accordingly. Alignment is especially important at the openings and closings of conversation. â€Å"13. R: I am so glad i am not having any busy= 15. J: =Ohhh†¦. hehehe†¦. I do not think so†¦. I hate exams (laughs)† Response Tokens Like spontaneous verbal communication, there are other units of language that, while not fairly terms, are nonetheless type of speech. Yet in this case, they are on purpose. Among the more ordinary of these are Hm, Ok, Ah, Yeah,Um, Uh, and Uh huh or Nuh uh. Words such as Ok, or Uh huh are utilized to document conformity with the presenter. Acknowledgements in another view, such as Mm and Yeah, express concurrence or awareness between the conversing persons like in this quote from the transcription â€Å"140. R: Yeah, I understand enough 141. J: Ah, Ok. † And another is a repair, such as Huh, that ask the presenter to repeat or to put in another way a thought or an inquiry. In several state of affairs, tokens function to tote up more facet and feeling to what the presenter is aiming to convey. Speech acts In using this method, words do not basically subsist; but are brought into play to carry out points. Forming a claim is plainly one idea that can be undertaken by speech. A wide-ranging assumption of sense must be founded on the knowledge of these meanings and their circumstances of practice. This speech acts become more and more helpful in substance detection and classification of contribution of dialogues through verbal communication and content they are composed of five groups namely the commissives, directives, assertives, expressives, and declarations. Commisives are used to entrust the presenter to different strategies such as a assurance like â€Å"I will not impart to anyone what you have just found out†, proposal like â€Å"91. J: eh (. ) Could you say that again? † or hand over a guarantee such as in the transcript â€Å"19. J: †¦ but when I finish I will go out. † Directives, conversely, try to make the addressee get something done such as a demand like â€Å"Please tell me more†, an instruction like â€Å"Tell me about that†, a suggestion like â€Å"122. R: I suggest you to go to the North, it is very beautiful†, a permission like â€Å"You can share that if you wish.†, and a query like in the transcription â€Å"50. R: Will you be with your family in the south? †. On the contrary, assertives try to show the addresser’s principle of the firm subject matter of the statement such as stating and describing like â€Å"97. J: But I want to look for a job but not in Spain, in another country to improve my skills†, predicting like â€Å"It will surely rain tomorrow†, and speculating like â€Å"I wonder whether it will rain tomorrow† as referred to in the transcription. Next are expressives which try to put across the addresser’s mental state such as a compliment like â€Å"268. R: Oh perfect!†¦ †, an apology like â€Å"228. J: Ah! Sorry sorry on Saturday†, a welcome like â€Å"215. R: It’s nice to see you again†, gratitude like â€Å"Thanks very much! â€Å", and greetings like â€Å"245. M: Hello Richard Hello Julia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as recorded. And lastly are declarations which are executed by an aptly authoritative addresser such as dismissing like â€Å"You are now fired! †, settling on like â€Å"You are liable on this from this day forward† and condemning like â€Å"I sentence you to six years in prison†; although these declarations are not present in the transcription. Pragmatics In linguistics and semiotics, this is involved in connecting the descriptive difference between sentence gist and the presenter’s denotation. The analysis of how the milieu affects the version is in this case imperative. In this setting, the perspective stands for any feature as linguistic, factual, or personal that influences the real construal of symbols and terminologies. Pragmatics is concerned for the most part in utterances, typically in the structure of discussions, and a peculiarity is incorporated in it between sentence meaning and presenters’ way of articulating their thoughts and feelings. Additionally, it is considered as one of the most thought-provoking facets for communication novices to be able to ascertain and gain knowledge of, but it is believed that one can only actually master it with acquiring knowledge with experience. Sentence meaning is the verbatim sense of the sentence, while the speaker gist is the bits and pieces of details or facts that the presenters are making an effort to convey. In the transcription, the speakers made use of a readily understandable language, with the use of direct words and statements, and without having any symbolisms or codes. But there are some kinds of omissions or shortcuts of the speakers’ sentences and some repetition of statements for emphasis. But in spite of those things, both presenters have the aptitude to comprehend what the addresser means to say. Overlaps This method expresses findings of coinciding and intersecting views, with beginning and end of overlapping remarks. The addressee eventually gets the main idea conveyed by the initial speaker right away, even if the speaker is not able to finish or complete his or her sentence, so overlapping of statements occurs. This can be seen in this quote from the transcription. â€Å"52. R: Ok I will have to come down and visit you then = 53. J: = Of course! =† In this case, the benefit of this columnar format over the more ordinary type of transcription is that it illustrates how communicational symmetries or asymmetries are present between conversational participants. As a conclusion, we can deduce that transcription is indeed an influential act of representation. This account can impinge on how the information is conceptualized. The transcription procedure must be integrated more thoroughly into qualitative study frameworks and techniques. Phases of contemplation at fundamental patterns and performance details of dialogues may generate an important training and implementation in marking of both the course of action of study and partakers’ speech a distinction. The goal of translating examiners is to figure out and communicate the manner by which the members appreciate their dealings that brings into being the occurrence of social actuality. Complementary to other philosophies, the conversation analysis techniques which are applied to the transcription barely appraise natural discourse. The investigation upholds that it is feasible to interpret a talk based on the record alone. Even if we had been taking notes while it was happening, we can’t be sure we’d got things down accurately, and we’d probably have missed quite a lot. And if we hadn’t been taking notes, then relying on later recall is doubly risky. We’d be battling against the everyday mistakes of memory as well. 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Reflection on Differences in Media

Question: Discuss about theReflection on Differences in Media. Answer: Introduction: Australia is a land of cultural diversity. The Australian identity is a product of its geography and history. The continent saw a predominance of European colonialism in the past. Hence one would find a multitude of culture in Australia (Hughey 2013). In the modern technological world, television plays a vital role in the process of multiculturalism. Today, humans live in a world which is largely dependent on media. It is the media which plays a pivotal part in manifesting cultural differences. In the present scenario, television channels exhibit the sense of identity, development of ideology, and cultural understanding of an individual and the society as a whole. In the world of globalization, one would find the cultural barriers breaking. Despite being one of the fastest growing economies in the world, I found cultural differences. People develop their notion of society on their understanding and consumption of popular culture. Popular media here plays a significant part in conveying such messages. This spread of culture may prove to be both advantageous and disadvantageous. While television may act as a vehicle for the development of national culture and politics, it may also subvert and challenge them (Moran et al. 2014). Though the portrayal of actors from different cultural backgrounds has improved over the past few years, representation of cultural differences in commercial television channels persist. For instance, I found an indigent representation of Aboriginals. In fact, Aboriginal actors are hardly seen in television channels. They are not given sustaining roles (Griffiths 2013). The cultural differences in commercial channels are represented through food, clothing, language, rule, and laws. If one watches an Australian drama or a comedy series, one may come across the differences. For instance, a program set in Sydney or Melbourne appears to have a setting of a different universe altogether. The scenes look unreal. One cannot identify with the actual place. There is a constant lack of diversity. It seems that a mass migration never happened in the past. Various ethnic foods like Pad That, Kebabs, and dumplings feature in television. But one can only find the whites having them. The Aboriginal Australian is never portrayed. Moreover, there is a shallow portrayal of the original mainstream Australia. Set in Melbourne, one of the most culturally diversified city in the world, the popular ABC miniseries, The Beautiful Lie, has no non-white characters (ABC Television, 2016). All the characters were white. The TV shows Here Come the Habibs, and The Family Law are the greatest examples of the awkward portrayal of diversity and race by media. The director of the show, The Family Law claims that that the series is about race. But when I looked deeply, I found that the slapstick humor is derived from the hilarious situations in which the characters find themselves. The humor and tension in the show do not come from the ethnicity of the characters (Programs, 2016). Dominant discourse is defined as the written, spoken, and behavioral expectations that are shared within a cultural group. In fact, discourse is a way of talking about a subject. It comprises meanings that are understood by people of a particular culture. A language is a powerful tool which can empower as well as disempower differences. The television programs highlight the privileges that one can get due to the whiteness of ones skin. This is indicative of the dominance that the whites have over the indigenous Australians in the society. It is essential to decentre whiteness and recognize ontological and epistemological assumptions that are invisible and deeply embedded. It is often seen that the Australian society is portrayed in the Anglo way (Hughey 2013). It is imperative to cast actors correctly to ameliorate cultural differences. Laws such as the Broadcasting Act can contribute a lot in constructing and fostering a sense of national identity. The perception of individuals in s ociety changes through television programs. In fact, they play a pivotal role in shaping and defining the culture of a country or society. Hence, it is of utmost importance to portray the culture and identity of an ethnic group or race in a proper way. Television castings have greater and wider implications on the people in society. Television, in fact, acts as an agent of successful socialization. Thus, television programs create a sense and an understanding of dominant ideologies, national and cultural identity, and knowledge of the particular culture. Television acts as a vehicle to transmit knowledge at different levels. It is a great contributor to the development of national and political identity through current affairs, news. Through infotainment, drama, and documentary, television creates a cultural identity and thus hold the power to eliminate differences (Van Dijck and Poel 2015). Cultural diversity is helpful in creating social coherence. The television broadcasting sector of Australia must strive towards presenting the actual Aboriginal culture of Australia. A lack of opportunity for ethnically diverse Australian groups would create angst and dissatisfaction among the people. Inclusiveness of cultural diversity would promote the voices which were previously not heard. Cultural diversity means giving value to the alternative voices. The egalitarian spirit of portraying diverse culture must make its way to the television screen (Dixson 2015). Then only can it percolate into the society. Inclusiveness must find its way to the mainstream channels. State-funded broadcasters like the ABC and the SBS must broadcast more shows like the Legally Brown and Black Comedy. Legally Brown is a show based on a sketch comedy by Nazeem Hussain. It focuses on the perception that whites have of the people of color (YouTube, 2016). On the other hand, Black Comedy is a show develo ped and performed by Indigenous Australians. Both the shows are widely different from what is shown to audiences on prime time television screens by commercial networks (ABC Television, 2016). The other is given a voice in these niche programs. The Australians are unaccustomed to hear such voices with so much of assertiveness. This makes the shows confronting. Media platforms must support such views and present them before the Australian audience more regularly and more efficiently. Moreover, they must be aired at prime time so that the shows can reach a wider audience and create a greater impact. Such television programs are a great opportunity for the indigenous Australians who are otherwise not given any chance to show their creative skills and enhance their talent. I feel that the strategy of cultural inclusiveness would support the voices and needs of people from myriad cultures. It would give value to the unique contribution that the Aborigines make in society. Awareness, compromise, and negotiations must be inculcated to add to the value of the indigenous Australians. The society must support people from diverse cultures. This would help in a better understanding of social, academic, and administrative culture. Mostly, it is essential to regard cross-cultural and multicultural interaction for it is an opportunity for everyone to learn. The interaction between the whites and the colored people would enhance communication in society as well. It would reduce and close the gap in society and further help the Aborigines to live life with a better experience. Giving voice to the other' and centralizing them in the society would reduce the unemployment rates thereby improving their mental and physical health conditions. The colored Australians woul d be able to educate their children and thus create better employment opportunities for the generations yet to come (Ng and Metz 2015). The media is a crucial vehicle that can make a positive impact on the people in society. It can contribute a lot to fight against ethnic and racial discrimination, and against intolerance as media can foster within people a culture of understanding between different cultural, religious, and ethnic groups. Television channels and media are a medium to implement the freedom of expression. Television channels like SBS and NITV can conduct chat shows. Reporting facts and incidents appropriately and sensitively would contribute a lot to reduce tension between groups and communities of different ethnic and racial groups. Documentaries on channels like SBS must be broadcast. For instance, the documentary Immigration Nation talks about various immigration stories of people. Showrunners thus play a significant role in creating diversity. This would, in turn, promote cultural diversity as such media outlets would develop communication, address differences, increase choices, and provide an oppo rtunity to express multicultural dialogues. Individuals and representatives must be given the opportunity to voice their ideas, culture, and knowledge in their language (Dixson 2015). Television programs must provide subtitles for ethnic programs so that everyone can enjoy and get a scope for appreciation. It would also lead to the development of the Australian society. The government must make special provisions to present multicultural minority programs. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure a fair presentation of a group or race. Programs must reflect the countrys cultural diversity instead of portraying just a section of society. Channels must conduct independent reviews of the practices in media. Strategies and policies must be developed to cope up with the existing issues. A deeper understanding of multiculturalism would surely help people to accept the cultural diversity that exists within the nation. References ABC Television. 2016.Black Comedy. [online] Available at https://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/black-comedy/ [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. ABC Television. 2016.The Beautiful Lie. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/beautiful-lie/ [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Biddle, N. and Swee, H., 2012. The relationship between wellbeing and Indigenous land, language and culture in Australia.Australian Geographer,43(3), pp.215-232. Dixson, M., 2015. Identity in Australia: Issues and Strategies for the Early to Mid Twenty-First Century.Australian Studies,8. Griffiths, A., 2013.Wondrous difference: Cinema, anthropology, and turn-of-the-century visual culture. Columbia University Press. Hughey, M.W., 2013. Whiteness And Social Change: Remnant Colonialisms And White Civility In Australia And Canada. Ethnic and Racial Studies,36(6), pp.1110-1110. Jacobs, K., 2016.Experience and representation: contemporary perspectives on migration in Australia.Routledge. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Ng, E.S. and Metz, I., 2015. Multiculturalism as a strategy for national competitiveness: The case for Canada and Australia.Journal of Business Ethics,128(2), pp.253-266. Programs. 2016.Watch The Family Law, based on the best-selling book by Benjamin Law. [online] Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/programs/the-family-law [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. Spencer, S., 2014.Race and ethnicity: Culture, identity and representation. Routledge. Van Dijck, J. and Poell, T., 2015. Making public television social? Public service broadcasting and the challenges of social media.Television New Media,16(2), pp.148-164. YouTube. 2016.Channel Nine - Here Come The Habibs Promo (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZr7gMG13wQ [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016]. YouTube. 2016.Legally Brown. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/user/legallybrownsbs [Accessed 7 Sep. 2016].

Analisis Of Tobias Wolff Essays - Guggenheim Fellows,

Analisis Of Tobias Wolff Tobias Wolff is a strange writer whose work is ?so absolutely clear and hypnotic that a reader wants to take it apart and find some simple way to describe why it works so beautifully?(Tobias Wolff, This Boy's Life [back cover]). Although sometimes taking place in such foreign locations as Vietnam, Wolff's stories are predominantly based on banal situations and people. The magic in his writing though is the fact he draws the reader into the story at all times. He does so by connecting his characters and their conflicts to the reader, be it through quirks, qualities or quandaries. Wolff perfects these concepts by writing in his own lucid, terse style. ?The tales in Wolff's [books] are seamless, their characters relentlessly ordinary?(Joan Smith, ?Spelunking). Through personal experience and careful observation Wolff gathers the necessary insight to piece together novels that clearly dealt with the ?normal? man and woman, their problems, and their accomplishments. Wolff's stories do not consist of big drug deals or heated love triangles, but instead of prosaic situations. One such is when Wolff's older brother sent him some writing he had done and Wolff considered turning it into his English teacher as his, but dismissed the idea knowing he would never get away with it (Tobias Wolff, This Boy's Life 200-201). Although occurring in hackneyed settings, many of Wolff's characters find themselves in situations they would never have thought possible: ?The characters of these stories are basically decent people who discover that they're capable of things they never expected -- and can never again believe themselves worthy of being considered decent. (Charles Taylor, ?Sneak Peeks: The Night In Question?). For example, in the short story ?Hunters in the Snow,? by Wolff, a group of three middle-aged men are hunting in the woods when they come across a farm. Two men go inside and come out later and one is acting a little strange. The strange one says, ?I hate that tree,? and shoots a tree. Next, he approaches the farmer's dog, and says, ?I hate that dog,? and shoots the dog. Finally, he approaches one of his friends, nick-named ?Tubs,? (for chastising purposes) and says, ?I hate you Tubs.? The next moment Tubs fires upon him, delivering a nasty stomach wound. They quickly race to the hospital, and as they are driving the third friend informs Tubs that the farmer had asked him to shoot the dog, seeing that he was old and miserable (Tobias Wolff, ?In the Garden of North American Martyrs? ?). So, this example demonstrates how Wolff can take an ordinary setting (hunting in the woods) and turn it into an extraordinary event for the three men participating in it. Wolff enjoys touching on the humor of the ordinary person and the situations they must deal with, such as the story of Dog Stew. ?Dog Stew? was the name given to a puppy Wolff had rescued from the hungry Vietnamese soldiers during the war. He cared for the puppy, minimally, but it usually ended up being more of a nuisance because of the harassment he received from the soldiers, who would rub their bellies and lick their lips whenever they saw him. On Wolff's last night in Vietnam, he was having dinner with some of his good friends from the war, and he was served a bowl of soup. He said it was very good and asked what it was, and his friends only replied by rubbing their stomachs and smacking their lips. Although slightly appalled, Wolff knew inside him that it was destined to happen? how could it not, with a name like Dog Stew? These kind of comical and ironic situations are copious in Wolff's books, and make them all the easier to read. All in all, Wolff's portrayal of banal situati ons and people is the driving force behind his main strength as a writer, drawing the reader into the story. When reading Wolff's books, the reader tends to feel drawn towards the characters and the problems they face. This ?magnetism? is a combination of Wolff's lucid writing style and choice of subject matter (prosaic people and places), woven together in the way only Wolff can do it. Wolff uses three main

Finance and Accounting Assignment The WritePass Journal

Finance and Accounting Assignment Part A: Finance and Accounting Assignment ). The theory of constraints emphasizes that in order to optimize short-term decision making, a firm’s managers should find bottlenecks or problems in the managerial or operation process and attempt to remove them in order to increase efficiency (Bierman Schmidt, 2012). (B) (i) A bottleneck resource is an asset which slows down the production process and causes other processes to slow down as well. It is also the machine which is using the most capacity (Mason, 2007). The bottleneck resource in the situation described in this case may be machine 1 as it requires the most machine hours per unit and also spends the most machine hours on product C. Product C has the least demand yet machine 1 spends the most time on producing it which may be a cause for it to be termed as a bottleneck resource. (ii) Each machine has a limited capacity of 12,000 hours out of which it must produce products A, B, and C. Machine 1 requires 0.15 hours to produce product A, 0.20 hours to produce product B, and 0.20 hours to produce product C. With a 12,000 hours capacity, the machine can produce 12,000/0.55=21,818 products. Machine 2 requires 0.10 hours for product A, 0.18 hours for product B, and 0.15 hours for product C. Accordingly, the machine can produce 12,000/0.43= 27, 906 products.   Machine 3 requires 0.10 hours for Product A, 0.15 hours for Product B, and 0.10 hours for Product C. Accordingly, the machine can produce 12,000/0.35=34,285 products. So all three machines combined can produce 84,009 units. Thus, the company should produce 34,000 units of product A, 25,009 units of product B, and 25,000 units of product C. This will ensure that the company meets the demand for these products and uses all the capacity of the machines. (C) The percentage of demand that Product A occupies is 25,000/70,000=0.35%. The percentage of demand that Product B occupies is 24,000/70,000=0.34% and the percentage of demand that Product C occupies is 21,000/70,000=0.30 %. The breakeven point for product A: (x) (25) = (15) +70,000 25x=85,000 X=3,400 The margin of safety is 34,000-3,400=30,600 units The breakeven point for Product B: (x) (28) =15+68,000 28x=83,000 X= 2,964 The margin of safety is 25,009-2,964= 22,045 units The breakeven point for Product C: x32= 15+60,000 32x=75,000 X=2,344 units The margin of safety is 25,000-2,344=22,656 units Thus, the optimal mix for each of the products is well above the breakeven point which means that using all three machines will enable the firm to produce efficiently and effectively. Part C: There are various investment appraisal methods which allow a firm to assess whether an investment is optimal and will produce the required returns or not. One of the popular investment appraisal methods includes the Net Present Value Method. According to the Net Present Value Method, the cash flows expected from an investment are discounted back to assess their present value. Usually, the investment with the higher Net Present Value is selected as the most worthy or optimal investment (Isaac, Leary, Daley, 2010). According to the Net Present Value Method, Project B is most appropriate for Blue Plc as it has a higher Net Present Value than Project A which amounts to  £36 million. There are advantages and disadvantages involved in using the Net Present Value Method which include the fact that the Net Present Value method accounts for the time value of money and measures the effects of inflation and other similar factors which may affect the value of the cash flows that the business is likely to generate in the future.   Another advantage is that the cash flow before the beginning of the project and after the end of the project is considered in calculating the value of the Net Present Value. Measures such as the profitability of the projects and the risk involved in the project are both given high priority in the calculation of Net Present Value. Moreover, using this measure helps maximize a firm’s value (Isaac, Leary, Daley, 2010). There are also certain disadvantages of using the Net Present Value method, which include the fact that it is difficult to use and that the net present value cannot give an accurate assessment of which project would be a better investment if the projects are mutually exclusive or if they are not of equal value. Moreover, calculating the appropriate discount rate is rather difficult and may not be accurate. The discount rate is usually estimated which may mean that it may vary in actual terms. The Net Present Value may not give an accurate decision if the projects are of unequal duration and can thus not be used in all situations (Reilly Brown, 2011). However, in the case of Blue Plc, both projects A B are of equal duration measuring four years and both require an initial investment of  £20 million. Thus, in this case using the Net Present Value Method may be appropriate as both projects are of the same duration and require equal investment and the same cost of capital. The other investment appraisal method that can be used to assess the feasibility of investments is the payback period. As Project A and Project B are both of the same duration and both require four years for execution, the payback period for Project A is 4.5 years, which is longer than its execution. Comparatively, the payback period for Project B is 3.6 years, which is less than that required for the execution of the project and is less than that required in Project A.   Therefore, according to the payback period method, Project B is the optimal investment as it has a lower payback period. The advantage of using the payback period method is that it is simple to use and understand. This method enables a company to identify the project with the quickest return on investment, especially in the case when the company has limited cash and can only invest in a project which allows it to regain its money back as fast as possible. This is the case with Blue Plc as the company can only invest in one project and would require its money back as fast as possible (Bierman Schmidt, 2012). However, one of the problems with the use of the payback period method is that it completely ignores the time value of money and does not consider or evaluate the fact that cash flows may not be regular and may occur later on in the process of the project. There may also be some projects which have an acceptable rate of return but still do not meet the requirements for the payback period. This method also does not consider any cash flows that a project would generate after the initial investment has been recovered. Thus, it does not accurately give an assessment of the profitability of a project but only evaluates how long it will take to recover the initial investment of a project. Using this method may mean a company overlook many attractive projects only because the company is focusing upon short-term profitability alone (Bierman Schmidt, 2012). According to Blue Plc’s case, the payback period is lower which means that it is a feasible project with a higher rate of return. However, we must ideally combine this analysis with the analysis of other factors such as the Net Present Value to determine whether this project is the most optimum investment or not. Accordingly, the better investment appraisal method is using the Net Present Value method as it accounts for the time value of money and also measures subsequent cash flows that a project generates after the initial amount has been recovered. The payback period is simple but does not provide a fully accurate picture. Moreover, in the case of Blue Plc when the cost of capital, duration of the project, and the initial investment required in the project are the same for both projects, the Net Present Value is the most appropriate investment appraisal method to use in evaluating the feasibility of both projects (Kim, Shim, Reinschmidt, 2013). However, using either method has generated the same result as Project B seems to be the optimal choice regardless of whether the payback period is used as the investment appraisal method or whether the payback period is used as the investment appraisal method.   Part D: (A)There are various sources of finance that can be used by a business in order to finance its operations. However, the use of these sources of finance also involves various advantages and disadvantages. A privately owned business can use the owner’s savings and personal assets to finance business expansion or to finance the start of a business (Beck Demirgue-Kunt,2006). The advantages of using this source of finance are that the owner does not have to pay any interest or share any of the profits with investors or others as he/she is using their own money in the business venture. There are also no acquisition costs and no major hassle in raising or using this source of finance. However, there is also risk involved for the owner in using his/her own personal savings which includes the fact that he/she may lose all of this money if the business goes into a loss (Berger Udell, 1998). Another source of finance for a business is allowing investors to invest in the business. In the case of a sole trader or a private limited company, the owners can allow partners to join in the investment or can turn the company into a public limited company.In the case of a public limited company, the owners can sell shares on the stock exchange in order to gain more finance. However, this will also mean that the owners of the company will lose a substantial amount of control in the company once investors are allowed to invest in the company.   They will also be required to keep their investors happy and this can be a tiresome and pressurizing ordeal also resulting in conflicts. Profits will also have to be divided with the investors, meaning that the owners cannot keep all of the profits to themselves. On the other hand, the owners of the business will also be able to share the risk with other investors and will not be solely liable for all of the business losses (Mason, 2007). Another major source of business finance is bank loans. They can provide a quick and reliable source of funding which also enables businesses to keep their persona operating cash to themselves for emergency situations. A business may also be exempted from paying back their loan in full if they file for bankruptcy and provided that they do not have the required amount. However, in order to obtain a bank loan, a business may have to provide collateral which may be a hassle or it may be difficult for a firm to obtain a loan if they do not have the required collateral. Interest payments will also have to be made on the loan which will mean that the business has to return more than they actually borrowed. Payments on the loan will also be due at specific times regardless of whether the business is doing well or whether it is not doing well (Beck Demirgue-Kunt, 2006). Another source of finance for businesses is government grants and loans. Some governments provide start-up and expansion programs to facilitate their business sector and these can prove to be a highly valuable opportunity for businesses to receive free finance. The interest rates on these loans are also much lower than the rates on other loans and are usually provided without collateral. However, the problem with obtaining government loans and grants is that there is usually a lot of red tape that has to be surpassed before the loan can be granted and thus it is not available to all businesses. The loan or grant is still a loan or grant and eventually has to be repaid (Berger Udell, 1998). (B)   Break-even analysis uses a firm’s selling price of products against a firm’s fixed and variable costs in order to determine the quantity of products that a firm needs to sell in order to recover the costs it has incurred to produce those products. There are certain assumptions that the break-even analysis makes in order to calculate this quantity. First of all, the break-even analysis assumes that all costs can be categorized as either fixed costs or variable costs. However, on a practical basis, it is nearly impossible to accurately classify costs into these categories because some costs have both a variable and fixed proportion. Another assumption is that fixed costs remain constant at any level of activity, even when there is no production. However, this may also not pose a highly accurate picture and may not be able to accurately depict the true nature of fixed costs as some fixed costs may begin to vary with differing levels of output (Al-Habeeb, 2012). The break-even analysis also assumes that the unit selling price will remain constant. However, in the contemporary business environment, this is not practical as the unit selling price may vary with differing consumer tastes and purchasing habits. As competition increases, firms may be constantly changing their unit selling price which then makes the break-even analysis void and inaccurate. The breakeven analysis also keeps inventory levels, the design of the product, efficiency and productivity levels, and variable costs constant (Tsorokidis et al, 2011). The contemporary business environment involves high rates of competition, innovation, and varying productivity and efficiency levels. Moreover, other business problems and issues may also affect the rate of sales and the level of costs at various times in the production and selling process. Thus, in such cases, the break-even analysis is a highly limited model in assessing the number of units needed for sales to break-even (Berger Black, 2011). On the other hand, the break-even analysis is a simplistic model which can at least give a business a rough idea regarding how many units it needs to sell in order to recover its costs. It can be used in cases where selling prices and costs remain constant and perhaps in businesses where it is easy to categorize these costs into the separate categories of fixed and variable costs. Businesses should not completely rely upon the break-even analysis and may have to use other more thorough accounting methods in order to determine the optimum quantity to sell which would enable them to achieve a profit (Berger Black, 2011). Accounting and forecasting models are usually based upon assumptions and none of them exist without disadvantages. Thus, it is essential for a business to use all of these models with caution and only use them as a guideline in order to calculate various results for their business.   References Alhabeeb, M. J. (2012). â€Å"Break†Even Analysis.†Ã‚  Mathematical Finance. pp.247-273. Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A. (2006). â€Å"Small and medium-size enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint.†Ã‚  Journal of Banking Finance, Vol.30(11) pp.2931-2943. Berger, A. N., Black, L. K. (2011). â€Å"Bank size, lending technologies, and small business finance.†Ã‚  Journal of Banking Finance. Vol.35(3) pp.724-735. Bierman Jr, H., Smidt, S. (2012).  The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Isaac, D., OLeary, J., Daley, M. (2010).  Property development: appraisal and finance. Palgrave Macmillan. Kim, B. C., Shim, E., Reinschmidt, K. F. (2013). Probability Distribution of the Project Payback Period Using the Equivalent Cash Flow Decomposition. The Engineering Economist. Vol.58(2), 112-136. Liesen, A., Figge, F., Hahn, T. (2013). â€Å"Net Present Sustainable Value: A New Approach to Sustainable Investment Appraisal.†Ã‚  Strategic Change. Vol.22 (3†4) pp.175-189. Mason, C. M. (2007). â€Å"Informal sources of venture finance.†   The life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures  .pp. 259-299. Springer US. Berger, N. Udell, G. (1998). â€Å"The economics of small business finance: The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle.† Journal of Banking Finance. Vol.22 (6), pp.613-673. Reilly, F. K., Brown, K. C. (2011).  Investment analysis and portfolio management. CengageBrain. com. Tsorakidis, N., Papadoulos, S., Zerres, M., Zerres, C. (2011).  Break-Even Analysis. Bookboon.

CRS-x Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRS-x - Assignment Example 26). Some companies are still making use of the traditional marketing methods which include publications, television, radio, telephones, billboards, postal services, face to face methods amongst others. Their counterparts instead make use of websites, emails, social media and video-conferencing in the same effort. It is important for any company to seriously consider its marketing strategies as these determine how effective their outcome will be in terms of winning them a satisfactory customer base. Speaking of personal interaction, new media has a major shortcoming especially when it comes to dealing with dis-satisfied customers. Take for example social media. Customers who may feel cheated after consuming a product because it did not match their expectations may chose to express their discontentment via social media channels such as Facebook, twitter or website blogs. This would adversely compromise the efforts of the company in brand building. Conversely, if a company subscribed t o the traditional approaches of marketing communication, say, the use of telephones, all that the discontented customer would have to do is to call and air their grievances while the concerned company would have retaliated by apologizing and looking for a way of appeasing the dissatisfied customer. Schultz 2009, p. 33). Again, new media lacks that human touch that goes a long way in convincing customers to purchase a product. New media is often characterized by faceless interactions although this is not always the case (Hennig 2000, p. 23). Companies that choose to make use of the given social media channels like emails, twitter and blogs need to understand that when customers are not able to emotionally and psychologically connect with the product on sale as well as the people marketing it, there is likely to be zero engagement (Egan 2008, p. 94). The management should realize that it is not about placing the said product up for marketing as much as it is about appealing to the fee lings and emotions of the consumers. Of much significance also is the question as to how companies intend to measure the attitudes and engagement levels of their customers as well as relationship outcomes. This is of importance mainly because the emerging media marketing methods do not adequately put this aspect into consideration (Mukerjee 2011, p. 88). Whereas a company may successfully measure the attitudes and behavioral data of their consumers, they may have to deal with the challenge of how to incorporate this data into their organizations. How does one tell whether the data presented there represents genuine feedback from a concerned customer, or it was the product of a joker who just happened to come by the site? Again, marketing campaigns conducted through Youtube or adverts placed within email pages may never reach the intended customer base and yet there would be no way of informing them (Garber 2007, p. 78). This might in the long run affect their ability to build their brand. Traditional marketing strategies are designed in such a way that before the company has incurred so much damage due to some of these unperceived loopholes, it will have acted on the feedback already received through the convenient means that it has offered to its customers. It would be bad to the new media strategies not to point out some of the advantages they

How Quantum Technology Will Improve Our Future Essay

How Quantum Technology Will Improve Our Future - Essay Example Hitherto, it has taken more than 250 years since the initial mega application of the concept. But presently, it has a far greater meaning as scientist have worked on numerous quantum theories and calculations to come up with many Quantum applications. Quantum technology has shaped human lives and will continue to modify or transform our lives in various ways that even some we may not be conscious of. Thesis: Quantum technology has impacted positively to our lives and will continue to improve or have greater positive impacts on our future lives. Quantum future in health According to Kaila, & Kaila (2010) with regard to the field of health, quantum technology provides humanity with health care via MRI. Quantum Technology and health have always had a noble correlation. Archeologists and historians point that surgeries initially took place around 3300BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization presently forming part of Pakistan and India. Although many theories linking quantum concept and healt h came and went, the advancement of health and its dependent on this technology never grow weaker. presently and even in future times, high level machines applies and will continue to apply photons and other quantum concepts to carry out medical tasks. For instance, equipment such as Stethoscope is highly applied in listening to one’s heart, while X-ray machines are used for determining any broken parts of our body in conjunction to many applications meant to make future human life better (Anwar, 2007). Quantum future in lighting bulbs Future application of the quantum technology in our lives is also seen in the lighting bulbs. With the era of the incandescent light bulb disappearing speedily, the holy grail of the lighting industry is to come up with a highly effective form of solid-form lighting that forms high superiority white light. Chemists have found out that white-light quantum dots are one of the few options of quantum technologies that produce pure white light. In f act, they predict that these ultra-small bright beads of cadmium selenide can change the blue-light formed by a Light Emitting Diode into a warm white light with a spectrum comparable to that of incandescent light. However, they have continue to warn that dense fluorescent tubes and majority of white light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) release a mixture of monochromatic colors, which fake white-light. Nearly a decade ago, when white-light quantum dots were invented accidentally in a Vanderbilt chemistry lab, chemists projected that it would be difficult to raise it to practical levels as its efficiency was extremely low for any commercial applications (Gerber, 2007). Presently however, Vanderbilt researchers have confirmed that they have successfully improved the fluorescent efficacy of these nanocrystals from an original level of 3 per cent to as high as forty five per cent. This implies that given the ever dynamic quantum applications, the future advancement of this application is guaran teed as the there is a possibility and room for boosting the efficiency of nanocrystals to above 45 percent. Hence, this efficiency of phosphors suggests that white light quantum dots would be practical in future for some superior lighting applications necessary for commercial purposes. The overall measure for efficiency of lighting devices is known as luminous efficiency and it determines the amount of visible light that a device can produce per unit of watt.

Creep Behaviour of Materials

Creep Behaviour of Materials Chen Yi Ling   Objectives The objectives of the experiment are: To measure the creep deformation in lead and polypropylene at room temperature To determine the effect of stress on the creep deformation of lead and polypropylene To appreciate the difference in creep behaviour between these two classes of materials To be aware of creep as a design consideration Theory 2.1. Introduction Deformation under a certain applied load over a period of time at a particular temperature is defined as creep, and it limits the load carrying capacity among structual materials. When subjected to a stress greater or equal to its yield stress, the material deforms plastically. Alternately, when the stress is less than its yield stress, the material will deform elastically. However, when the material has to withstand stress at high temperature, permanent deformation will occur even if the stress is below the yield stress obtained from a tensile test. Under a constant stress, the strain vary as a function of time as shown in Figure 2.1.1. [1] The different stages of creep are: Primary Creep/Transient Creep Strain rate decreases with time and deformation becomes difficult as strain increases. (i.e. Strain Hardening) Secondary Creep/Steady Creep Strain rate is constant The occurrence is due to the balance between strain hardening and strain softening (Structure Recovery) Tertiary Creep/Approaching Rupture Strain rate increases with time and the material is fractured. Increase in creep rate is due to the increasing number of damages such as cavities, cracks and necking. The damaging phenomena reduce the cross-sectional area, which increase the applied stress when placed under constant load. Viscoelastic materials such as polymers and metals are susceptible to creep. When subjected to a sudden force, the response of a polymeric material can be detected using the Kelvin-Voigt model (Figure 2.1.2) Viscoelastic materials experience an increase in strain with time when subjected to a constant stress, this is termed as viscoelastic creep. At t0 (Figure 2.1.3), viscoelastic material is able to maintain for a significant long period of time when loaded with a constant stress. The material eventually fails when it responds to the stress with an increasing strain. In contrast, when the stress is maintained for a shorter period of time, the material experience an initial strain until t1 in which the stress is relieved. The strain then immediately decrease gradually to a residual strain. [3] In this experiment, we will study the creep behaviour of a low-melting point metal (Lead, Pb) and a polymer (Polypropylene, PP) at room temperature. 2.2. Creep in Metals Creep can be observed in all metals if its operating temperature exceeds 0.3 to 0.5Tm [5] (Tm = Absolute Melting Temperature) (Figure 2.2.1) Creep strain (ÃŽ µ) depends on several variables, the most important variables are stress (ÏÆ') and temperature (T). Using stress and temperature, the creep rate () can be defined as: (Equation 2.2.1) Where, A = Constant n = Stress Exponent E = Activation energy for creep R = Universal gas constant Creep rate () increase as stress and temperature increase, hence Equation 2.2.1 can be redefined as: (Equation 2.2.2) Whereby n is the slope of vs lnA at constant temperature. 2.3. Creep in Polymers The creep in polymers is almost similar to the creep in metal as it is depends on stress and temperature, with a few exceptions. Comparing Figure 2.2.1 and Figure 2.3.1, the two graphs look similar except that Figure 2.3.1 has a recovery phase, which is termed as the reversal of creep. Possessing viscoelastic properties, the behavior of the material can be predicted using the Kelvin-Voigt model (Figure 2.1.2) as mentioned earlier, and hence, it will be used in this experiment. Equation 2.3.1 shows the relationship between the creep strain (ÃŽ µ) and time under constant stress: (Equation 2.3.1) Where and are the constant of the spring and dashpot respectively (Figure 2.1.2) On the other hand, Equation 2.3.2 shows the creep strain in relation to time: (Equation 2.3.2) Where is a constant. The data obtained can be plotted into an isochronous graph by taking the constant time section through the creep curves for a specific temperature. And the results obtained formed the isochronous graph. Experimental Procedures 3.1 Equipment for Creep Testing The load was applied steadily to the specimen using the lever principle shown in Figure 3.1.1. Steel pins were used to kept the specimen in place on one side of the lever and the weight hanger on the other. The weight hanger consist of 2 pinning position; the topmost hole was used when the hanger and loads were in rest position while the lower hole was used when the hanger was loaded. The following table shows the mass for the parts of the equipment which should be taken into consideration during the calculation of tensile force on the specimen If m was the mass of the load on the weight hanger, then the tensile force acting on the specimen can be defined by taking moment about pivot as shown in Figure 3.1.2. [(F+0.04) x 42] – [0.40 x 147] – [(0.16 + 0.04 +m) x 336] = 0 (Equation 3.1.1) Where, g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9.807m/s2 The extension of the specimen was measured using a dial gauge (DG). The DG was placed into a tube tightened using a nylon pinch screw to hold the DG in its place. It should be noted that the nylon pinch screw should only be tighten sufficiently to prevent the DG from moving when the loads were placed. The top of the DG was attached to the set up using a grooved plate which was bolted to the lever arm. This arrangement was to ensure the groove in this plate was two times the distance from the pivot to the centre of the specimen. Hence, the extension of the specimen detected by the DG was twice the actual extension of the specimen. And to counter for inaccuracy when zeroing the DG, an additional 3mm was taken into account before the start of the experiment. Thus, the actual extension of the specimen can be calculated by: (Equation 3.1.2) 3.2 Experiment Methods For the measurement of creep in lead, the load applied would be 0.9, 1.0 and 1.1kg. For the measurement of creep in polypropylene, the load applied would be 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9kg. Before conducting the experiment, the width, length, thickness and gauge length of the specimen was measured thrice using an electronic vernier caliper; the readings used for the calculation would be the average reading (highlighted in orange). 3.2.1 Experiment 1: Creep of Lead The lever arm was held in place using 2 pins; 1 of it to be inserted into the bearing block and the other onto the topmost hole of the weight hanger. Attached the specimen onto the set up using 2 pins. Place the Dial Gauge into the hole/tube but do not tighten the nylon screw yet. Attach the groove plate at the top of the Dial Gauge and lever arm and secure it using a thumb nut. Release the pin holding the weight hanger to take up any free movement. Make sure the specimen was placed vertically. Carefully adjust the Dial Gauge until the inner dial reads 3mm and the outer ring reads 0, then tighten the nylon screw. Load the required weight onto the hanger. Raise the loaded weight hanger to the lower hole (loading position) and insert the pin. Gently release the load and start stop watch. Record reading every 15 seconds for 30 minutes or till the specimen ruptures. In order to determine the secondary creep rate for each applied stress, 3 extension-time creep curves were required. The creep rate can be calculated using the following equation: (Equation 3.2.1.1) Where In this experiment, ln vs ln plot was required. Hence, the stress () on the specimen is given by: (Equation 3.2.1.2) Where, F is the load applied to the specimen (N) 3.2.2 Experiment 2: Creep of Polypropylene The test of creep of polypropylene is similar to that of lead, with a couple of exceptions. Before placing the specimen onto the set up, 2 ‘U’ brackets should be fitted over the 2 ends of the specimen. For polypropylene, elastic recovery was possible hence the specimen was not required to be tested until failure. Note that 15 minutes, 12 minutes and 7 minutes were the extension time required for 0.6kg, 0.7kg and 0.8kg respectively Place the required load onto the weight hanger. Record the extension for every 15 seconds for specific duration. After the extension period, remove the weights on the weight hanger and continue to record the reading (elastic recovery phase) every 15 seconds for 10 minutes or when the needle on the Dial Gauge stop moving for 1 minute. Repeat for other loads. Plot extension vs time curve to show the creep and recovery curve. In this experiment, strain vs stress plot was required. Hence, the strain rate () on the specimen is given by: (Equation 3.2.2.1) Where Results Results for Lead The increment of extension () was selected based on the results reflected on Figure 4.1.1. The creep rate (ÃŽÂ ­) of Lead was determine using Equation 3.2.1.1. The stress () applied onto the lead specimen was calculated using Equation 3.2.1.2. By adding ln to the values of and ÃŽÂ ­, Using the data from Table 4.1.1, we can plot a linear graph. Based on Figure 4.1.2, the stress exponent (n) from the straight line was 10.503. Results for Polypropylene A sudden drop was observed for 0.7kg, this was due to human error as results was not recorded promptly on specific time. Using Equation 3.2.1.2 3.2.2.1, the stress and strain rate is shown below: Based on Figure 4.2.1, when stress is constant, the strain increases as time increases, which tallies with the theory. 5. Discussion Usefulness of the Plot of lnÏÆ' vs lnÃŽÂ ­ By plotting lnÏÆ' against lnÃŽÂ ­, we can determine the gradient (n) or the stress exponent of the specimen, which correspond to the controlling mechanism of creep under testing conditions. Stress Exponent for Lead The stress exponent indicates the influence of deformation rate on the mechanical strength of the specimen.[7] At low stresses, n equals to 1, which indicates pure diffusion creep. At high stresses, n > 1, indicating other creeping mechanism besides pure diffusion. Factors affecting the stress exponent value The stress exponent for lead in this experiment was found out to be 10.503. And the factors which affects the value is the type of creeping mechanism behind the specimen. Some creeping mechanisms include Coble creep (Grain boundary diffusion) and Dislocation creep/climb (Power law creep).[8] Creep of Metals in Design Consideration The following are some methods to minimize creeping in metals: Employ materials with high Tm Reduce the effect of grain boundaries by using a single crystal with large grains or adding solid solutions to eliminate vacancies[9] Creep is an important consideration for when a component have to support a load at temperatures where Tabs/TM > 0.4.[10] For high temperature, creep is an important consideration in these three areas: Displacement-limited applications such as turbine rotors in jet engines Rupture-limited applications such as high pressure steam pipes Stress Relaxation limited applications such as tightened bolts and suspended cables [11] Viscoelastic Behaviour Materials which exhibits both viscous and elastic property during deformation is known as viscoelasticity.[12] In this experiment, both lead and polypropylene exhibits viscoelasticity to different extend. For lead, the time taken in which the specimen rupture decreases as the stress increases. However, its viscoelasticity is not high hence, its recovery phase is not as significant as polypropylene. Furthermore, the structure of lead is more crystalline than polypropylene, which means it is more brittle and more prone to rupture. For polypropylene, the extension increases as the stress increases. The extension and recovery rate of each load are as follow: Recovery rate is possible on polypropylene specimen because it has higher elasticity due to its amorphous structure. The amorphous structure untangles and lengthens out until it becomes crystalline. Conclusion In conclusion, the results obtained from the experiment is true to theory. Unfortunately, during the creep test for lead, some results are missing due to some human error resulting in an incomplete graph as depicted in Figure 4.2.1. For the creep in lead, load 1.0kg and 1.1kg rupture before 30 minutes. This shows that the heavier the load, the faster the creep rate. At even high temperature, t