Consumer Behavior Essay -- Psychology, Freud

This essay is based on an analysis of research observations which took place at a Supermarket in Bradford. The aim of the exercise was to observe the behaviour of consumers while shopping in order to theorise and draw conclusions from our observations about consumer buying behaviour when shopping. As a means of interpreting and analysing the data we used the psychoanalytical perspective of Freud, pester power and independent and interdependent self concept. These concepts particularly lend themselves to the interpretation of the data. This essay begins by defining these key concepts before offering an analysis data the research data. Freudian personality theory is otherwise known as the psychoanalytic theory and it is often used by marketers to influence the purchasing decisions of customers in an unconscious way (Bettany, 2011 and Solomon, 2011). The theory is composed of three categories namely the id, the superego and the ego. The id according to Freud is part of our unconscious being as it functions with regards to the pleasure principle; the pleasure is applicable to the id as it seeks immediate gratification of needs (Bettany, 2011 and Solomon, 2011). Hoch and Loewestein (1991:498) claim that the id is the â€Å"primary process of thinking† that is impulsive, stingy and illogical whose aim is to seek pleasure only, avoid pain and not at all worried about the consequences of its actions (Solomon, 2011). Similarly, Hoch and Loewestein (1991:498) note that the ego is â€Å"secondary process thinking† that uses the reality principle and acts as a mediator between the id and the superego. Next is t he ego which is aware of the consequences of an action and when it is unable to manage the action a conflict between the id and the superego r... ...mption. In conclusion, we found that at times of recession supermarket need to place emphasis on satisfying consumer needs otherwise they could change suppliers. Therefore it is important to better understand consumer’s lifestyles, and choice criteria. This would include the selection of suitable media and designing suitable consumer messages. One area of further research could be to what extent consumers remain loyal to specific brands in time of economic recession. We believe that shopping could be more of a pleasure for children if playing facilities were provided. This might encourage parents to spend longer shopping and by implication buy more. One weakness of the observation in our view was the fact that we depended solely on the observation it would have been more useful to double-check our analysis with the consumers being observed.

Classroom Management

school and classroom management Researchers have pointed out the importance of assisting students in positive behaviors. In planning classroom management, teachers should consider using an assertive communication style and behavior. In addition, they should always know what they want their students to do and involve them in the respective learning activities, under the general conditions of clearly and explicitly stated school wide and classroom rules. An effective conduct management plan should also refer to teacher control and administration of consequences. The following components of such a plan are focused on in this summary: acknowledging responsible behaviors, correcting irresponsible and inappropriate behavior, ignoring, proximity control, gentle verbal reprimands, delaying, preferential seating, time owed, time-out, notification of parents/guardians, written behavioral contract, setting limits outside the classroom, and reinforcement systems. All of these components are presented so they can be identified in examples of best teaching practices. Covenant management stresses the classroom group as a social system. Covenant management focuses on the classroom group as a social system that has its own features that teachers have to take into account when managing interpersonal relationships in the classroom† (Froyen & Iverson, 1999). Teachers and students’ role and expectations shape the classroom into an environment conducive to learning. In other words, the culture of any given school is unique to that school. However, it is directly influenced by the culture of the larger community whose educational goals are to be met. A strong connection between school and community must be constantly revised and modified according to the requirements of societal dynamism. As schools become very diverse, teachers and students should become aware of how to use diversity to strengthen the classroom social group. Reference Brophy, Jere E. 1983. â€Å"Classroom Organization and Management. † The Elementary School Journal 83 (4):265 – 285. Brophy, Jere E. 1998. Motivating Students to Learn. Boston: McGraw Hill. Brophy, Jere E. , and Evertson, Carolyn M. 1976. Learning from Teaching: A Developmental Perspective. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Bossert, Steven T. 1979. Tasks and Social Relationships in Classrooms. Cambridge, Eng. : Cambridge University Press. Doyle, Walter. 1986. â€Å"Classroom Organization and Management. † In Handbook of Research on Teaching, 3rd edition, ed. Merlin Wittrock. New York: Macmillan. Doyle, Walter. 1990. â€Å"Classroom Management Techniques. † In Student Discipline Strategies, Ed. Oliver C. Moles. Albany: State University of New York Press. Doyle, Walter, and Carter, Kathy. 1984. â€Å"Academic Tasks in Classrooms. † Curriculum Inquiry 14 (2):129 – 149. Duke, Daniel, ed. 1979. Classroom Management. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Emmer, Edmund T. ; Evertson, Carolyn M. ; and Anderson, Linda M. 1980. â€Å"Effective Classroom Management at the Beginning of the School Year. † The Elementary School Journal 80 (5):219 – 231. Evertson, Carolyn M. 1985. â€Å"Training Teachers in Classroom Management: An Experiment in Secondary Classrooms. † Journal of Educational Research 79:51 – 58. Evertson, Carolyn M. 1989. â€Å"Improving Elementary Classroom Management: A School-Based Training Program for Beginning the Year. † Journal of Educational Research 83:82 – 90. Classroom Management Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. The term also implies the prevention of disruptive behavior. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers; indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether. In 1981 the US National Educational Association reported that 36% of teachers said they would probably not go into teaching if they had to decide again.A major reason was â€Å"negative student attitudes and discipline†. Solving Discipline Problems Charles H Wolfgang and Carl D Glickman 1986 (Allyn and Bacon) According to Moskowitz & Hayman (1976), once a teacher loses control of their classroom, it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to regain that control. Moskowitz, G. , & Hayman, J. L. , Jr. (1976). Success strategies of inner-city teachers: A year-long study. Journal of Educational Research, 69, 283-289.Also, research from Berliner (1988) and Brophy & Good (1986) shows that the time that teacher has to take to correct misbehavior caused by poor classroom management skills results in a lower rate of academic engagement in the classroom. Berliner, D. C. (1988). Effective classroom management and instruction: A knowledge base for consultation. In J. L. Graden, J. E. Zins, & M. J. Curtis (Eds. ), Alternative educational delivery systems: Enhancing instructional options for all students (pp. 309-325).Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists. Brophy, J. E. , & Good, T. L. (1986). Teacher behavior and student achievement. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed. ), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed. , pp. 328-375). New York: Macmillan. From the student’s perspective, effective classroom management involves clear communication of behavioral and academic expectations as well as a cooperative learning environment. Allen, J. D. (1986). Classroom management: student s' perspectives, goals, and strategies.American Educational Research Journal, 23, 437-459. Classroom management is closely linked to issues of motivation, discipline and respect. Methodologies remain a matter of passionate debate amongst teachers; approaches vary depending on the beliefs a teacher holds regarding educational psychology. A large part of traditional classroom management involves behavior modification, although many teachers see using behavioral approaches alone as overly simplistic. Many teachers establish rules and procedures at the beginning of the school year.According to Gootman (2008), rules give students concrete direction to ensure that our expectation becomes a reality. Gootman, Marilyn E. The caring teacher's guide to discipline : helping students learn self-control, responsibility, and respect, K-6. 2008, p. 36 They also try to be consistent in enforcing these rules and procedures. Many would also argue for positive consequences when rules are followed, and negative consequences when rules are broken. There are newer perspectives on classroom management that attempt to be holistic.One example is affirmation teaching, which attempts to guide students toward success by helping them see how their effort pays off in the classroom. It relies upon creating an environment where students are successful as a result of their own efforts. Pintrich, P. R. , & De Groot E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40. By creating this type of environment, students are much more likely to want to do well. This transforms a classroom into a community of well-behaved and self-directed learners.

Bell Hook’s “Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education” Essay

In â€Å"Keeping Close to Home: Class and education†, a chapter excerpted from Talking back (1989) by Bell Hook’s, suggests that moving on with life by attending college influences individuals to hide or change the values they were raised with. She argues that people should never forget there family background or their past just because they change environments. From her perceptions of some of the students at Stanford, she also states that even the â€Å"lower class† people have beliefs and values too and that it has nothing to do with what social class a person is classified as. Hooks aims her beliefs towards the lower working class people. Because hooks feels strongly about her belief, she argues that a university should help students maintain the connection with their values, so that people of different communities will feel neither inferior nor superior to others but equal. Hooks demonstrates her knowledge of values by relating her experience at Stanford where she met many privileged whites who had values that contradicted her own. For example, many of the white students appeared to lack respect for their parents. However, hook’s parents always taught her to show them respect. Hooks even says in her essay, â€Å"I was profoundly shocked and disturbed when peers would talk about their parents without respect, or would even say that they hated their parents† (Hooks, page 51). Also, everyone looked down upon the working-class when that was the class from which she came. Hooks states, â€Å"I talked to no one about the sources of my shame, how it hurt me to witness the contempt shown the brown-skinned, Filipina maids who cleaned our rooms† (Hooks, page 50). Hooks felt hurt because her dad was a janitor. That was why it was so hard for her to look down on the working-class. Because Stanford even accepted her into their institution, hooks felt as though she needed to act privileged. When she refused, the university and its students considered her rebellious; however, if she had not refused, she would have been ignoring and forgetting the values that she had learned from her parents. The way Hooks pulls in her readers is by inspiring the audience and appealing to its emotions and values, hooks relates an example of the hard times in her relationship with her parents before she went to Stanford. In the example, she describes how her parents were reluctant to allow her to go  because they felt that a closer college also had a good education to offer. Hooks also expresses how she became upset with her parents and how her mama felt as though bell hooks lacked appreciation for her. Hook’s mama says to her, â€Å"Your childhood could not have been that bad. You were fed and clothed. You did not have to do without – that’s more than a lot of folks have and I just can’t stand the way y’all go on† (Hooks, page 48). Later, when bell hooks attends Stanford and notices how students constantly feel anger and resentment towards their parents, she remembers that her parents raised her to show them respect. â€Å"While I often needed more money, I never needed a new set of beliefs and values† (Hooks, page 51). Then, she realizes how important it was to maintain the connection with her values instead of replacing them with others’ values. Hooks definitely expresses her professional views throughout the essay. Her views are obviously professional because she is a college graduate and has a good education background. However, when she relies heavily on her views based on her experience at Stanford, she presents her views as being convincing by showing her understanding of pressure and values from that experience. Her experience establishes common ground with the audience and proves that she is familiar about the pressures at a university. Hooks develops common ground with those in the audience who might be or have been in a university. Because people generally trust those who appear to know their topic very well, she effectively appeals to her audience. Bell Hook’s proves to her readers the true importance of family values and their background throughout her writing. â€Å"Communication between black folks from various experiences of material privilege was much easier when we were all in segregated communities sharing common experiences in relation to social institutions. Without this grounding, we must work to maintain ties, connection† (hooks, page 58). As hooks hints, maintaining ties may not be easy, but it is definitely possible. Hooks establishes common ground with people who have these questions, and she gives the answer in her experience of hard work. Having worked hard on handling harsh criticism and pressure without losing ties with her background, bell hooks remained strong and represented her family values that she was raised with, through her actions.

A Countrys Tourniquet

A Countrys Tourniquet Free Online Research Papers Many countries have previously invested or are still investing in a Communist government and economy. Communism is defined as â€Å"A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members.† If a country decides to go on the path of Communism, it is a dark and dank road that can lead to turmoil, famine, and poverty. Human nature causes those in control to become power hungry, which is destructive to the country’s society. It is easy to fall into the trap of thinking that your country will be different, but that is often only the first mistake on a downward spiral of poor decisions made by the leaders of the country as well as those inhabiting it. Many often ask the question, â€Å"Well why didn’t the people just overthrow the government?†, but what they don’t realize is that when an entire country has been oppressed in that manner, it’s nearly impossible to recover without help from a good leader in your governmental system or outside forces. Capitalism, on the other hand, is much more liberal, although it is far from perfect as well. It is defined as â€Å"An economic system based on a free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production†. First, Communism squashes any form of religious freedom, whereas Capitalism allows any religion to be practiced freely. The state is not separate from the church; therefore, most Communist countries have a majority of Buddhist or Atheist people. This can lead to the downfall of any country, being that it rids them of any moral ethics or sense of right and wrong and it completely and utterly depletes any fairness the country may still pertain as well as dismantles the justice system. This lack of standard and belief is never helpful to anything or anyone, particularly an entire country. Second, although Communism is supposedly meant to ‘better the economy’, it actually weakens it. If everyone and every business make the same profit, they have no motivation or competition whatsoever. Due to the ways of human nature, this leads to low quality goods, laziness, and poor work ethics. People see that there is no reason to produce quality work, and so they do not. Capitalism encourages people to do well and compete against other businesses to be the top seller of their products. Also, Communism can be very depressing to the people of the country. It is often presented as â€Å"Socialism† or a â€Å"Republic of the People†, but it is really a cruel and harsh dictatorship. Rulers believe in using violence and invoking their military forces in order to squash revolts or simply to discipline even minor offences against the government. There is no freedom of speech, press or right to assemble. It takes away any free thinking and all anti-government thoughts must be kept to oneself or they may even lose their life for it. For instance, in 1989 students gathered in Tiananmen Square to protest and the government sent in tanks to crush their spirits-and many of their bodies. An estimated 3,000 were killed. So even though Communism may look good in theory, when presented as a perfect and equal society, all aspects of it have led to the destruction of countries that have experienced it, or at least the unhappiness of the people, such as in China’s case. The country’s economy will plummet, all religion will be destroyed, and the people will become depressed. Research Papers on A Country's TourniquetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 219 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Write IEP Goals for Healthy Student Work Habits

Write IEP Goals for Healthy Student Work Habits When a student in your class is the subject of an Individual Education Plan (IEP), you will be called upon to join a team that will write goals for him or her. These goals are important, as the students performance will be measured against them for the remainder of the IEP period and their success can determine the kinds of supports the school will provide.   SMART Goals For educators, its important to remember that IEP goals should be SMART. That is, they should be Specific, Measurable, use Action words, be Realistic and theyre Time-limited. Here are some ways to think about goals for children with poor work habits. You know this child.  She or he has trouble completing written work, seems to drift away during oral lessons, and may get up to socialize while children are working independently. Where do you start setting the goals that will support her or him and make them a better student? Executive Functioning Goals If a student has a disability such as ADD or ADHD, concentration and staying on task wont come easily. Children with these issues often have difficulty sustaining good work habits. Deficits such as this are known as executive functioning delays. Executive functioning includes basic organizational skill and responsibility. The purpose of goals in executive functioning is to help the student keep track of homework and  assignment due dates, remember to  turn in assignments and homework, remember to bring home (or return) books and materials. These  organizational skills lead to tools to manage his daily life.   When developing IEPs for students who need help with their work habits, it is important to remember to key in on a few specific areas. Changing one behavior at a time is much easier than focusing on too many, which will be overwhelming for the student. Sample Behavioral Goals Focus attention with minimal supervision or intervention.Refrain from distracting others.Listen when directions and instructions are given.Identify what is needed each work period and each day for homework.Be prepared for assignments.Take the time to do things right the first time.  Think things out on your own before asking.Try things independently without giving up.Work independently as much as possible.Apply successful strategies when involved in problem-solving.Be able to re-state problems, instructions, and directions to help with understanding the task at hand.Take responsibility for all work being done.Participate fully in group situations or when called upon.Be responsible for self and belongings.Remain positive when working with others.Cooperate in both large and small group settings.Be considerate of the opinions of others.Seek positive solutions for any conflicts that may arise.Always follow the routines and rules. Use these prompts to craft SMART goals. That is, they should be achievable and measurable and have a time component. For example, for the child who struggles with paying attention, this goal incorporates specific behaviors, is actionable, measurable, time-bound, and realistic:   The student will attend (sit still with eyes on the teacher, keeping their hands to themselves, using a quiet voice) to a task during large and small group instruction for a ten-minute period, with no more than one teacher prompt in four out of five trials, to be measured by the teacher. When you think about it, many of the work habits lead to good skills for life habits. Work on one or two at a time, obtaining success before moving to another habit.

E-commerce market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-commerce market - Essay Example In the past, critical success factors were typically related to business infra-structure. One significant issue was that of internet speed-with the majority of Internet users connecting to the Internet via dial-up modem, file transfer speeds were extremely low. This presented a problem when attempting to transmit large files such as multi-media files. With steady financial investment from both the government and private business enterprises, the rapid advance of technology in this area has led to the increasingly-widespread use of high-speed Internet connections such as cable modems, ISDN and XDSL, which increase file transfer speeds substantially. With communication speed being a limiting factor for the growth of electronic commerce, these developments in information and communication technology have initiated a marked reduction in infra-structural problems for electronic commerce. More recently, however, new success factors such as security and copyrights have increased in importan ce. Another significant issue for many Internet businesses is related to expenses. Traditional corporations are able to strengthen business strategies, enhance their image, provide efficient customer service, and create new Internet sales methods. However, popular Web sites have proven to require more resources than was once thought. According to recent research, Web sites which sell products collectively spend approximately 240 Won per year, while sites which sell content spend approximately 1 billion Won per year. Internet sites such as shopping malls, where actual transactions take place, spend around 3.35 billion Won every year. Companies which plan to move into electronic commerce must plan and invest efficiently in the initial stages of development in order to create profit within a reasonable period of time. There are several success factors which should be considered. E-businesses must provide good value for their customers, not only in terms of the products they sell, but also through ease of Web site navigation. They must differentiate themselves from other electronic commerce corporations to create a unique identity, and at the same time take care that they maintain the important characteristics of e-business. It is also particularly important to manage resources carefully and control initial expenses through the gradual introduction of new technologies, while allocating enough resources to brand management to win and maintain the trust of their customers. Research on business models has shown that these success factors are critical. Companies that survive the rapidly-changing electronic commerce environment have unique business fields and business models. The results of research on approximately 30 business corporations are presented here. Above all, successful electronic commerce corporations value for their customers. Through fluctuating markets, these companies continue to be competitive and profit from e-commerce. Many of these companies also successfully compete in off-line markets as well as on-line markets. They manage their brands effectively to maintain consumer trust, and use differentiated services and unique profit models to succeed in what is become a very competitive market-place. Finally, they have organized themselves in such a way that with flexible attitudes and infra-structure they can cope with a changing business environment and introduce new technologies at the most appropriate times. The results of this exploratory research indicate

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 49

Personal Statement Example I am suitable for the course given I have studied other health related courses, which has equipped me with various skills pertaining to medicine. I can make informed decisions when conduction radiography. I have proper communication and interpersonal skills that can create an atmosphere conducive for diagnosing patients. My previous courses: health promotion and public health, relate to the course. They are concerned with human medicine. Public health enables me to understand the major environmental causes of diseases, how they can be prevented and the necessary steps to undertake in case of an infection or infliction. Since I have always wanted to help suffering and diseased people, I believe Diagnostic Radiography would allow me establish the problems of patients as a crucial step toward helping them. My final year dissertation was based on breast cancer screening and I have worked for a care home center where I have conducted health promotion such as ‘stop smoking’ campaigns. I gained experience while working at the community center and adopted qualities such as examining patients, bonding with them and maintaining positive communication. I had researched on reasons for low uptake of breast screening among other cultures on the U.K. In the research, I shadowed radiographer at breast cancer clinic, where I discovered diagnostic radiography. My hobbies, interests and social activities include socializing, researching, studying and traveling. They contribute to my personality as a person who is always in pursuit of knowledge, which has equipped me with the knowledge I possess at the moment. Acute knowledge is required for my course of interest and through study and research, I will be able meet the demands of the course and adequately care for the patients. I have studied in English and I have participated in activities and researched in English. I would prefer to study