Creep Behaviour of Materials

Creep Behaviour of Materials Chen Yi Ling   Objectives The objectives of the experiment are: To measure the creep deformation in lead and polypropylene at room temperature To determine the effect of stress on the creep deformation of lead and polypropylene To appreciate the difference in creep behaviour between these two classes of materials To be aware of creep as a design consideration Theory 2.1. Introduction Deformation under a certain applied load over a period of time at a particular temperature is defined as creep, and it limits the load carrying capacity among structual materials. When subjected to a stress greater or equal to its yield stress, the material deforms plastically. Alternately, when the stress is less than its yield stress, the material will deform elastically. However, when the material has to withstand stress at high temperature, permanent deformation will occur even if the stress is below the yield stress obtained from a tensile test. Under a constant stress, the strain vary as a function of time as shown in Figure 2.1.1. [1] The different stages of creep are: Primary Creep/Transient Creep Strain rate decreases with time and deformation becomes difficult as strain increases. (i.e. Strain Hardening) Secondary Creep/Steady Creep Strain rate is constant The occurrence is due to the balance between strain hardening and strain softening (Structure Recovery) Tertiary Creep/Approaching Rupture Strain rate increases with time and the material is fractured. Increase in creep rate is due to the increasing number of damages such as cavities, cracks and necking. The damaging phenomena reduce the cross-sectional area, which increase the applied stress when placed under constant load. Viscoelastic materials such as polymers and metals are susceptible to creep. When subjected to a sudden force, the response of a polymeric material can be detected using the Kelvin-Voigt model (Figure 2.1.2) Viscoelastic materials experience an increase in strain with time when subjected to a constant stress, this is termed as viscoelastic creep. At t0 (Figure 2.1.3), viscoelastic material is able to maintain for a significant long period of time when loaded with a constant stress. The material eventually fails when it responds to the stress with an increasing strain. In contrast, when the stress is maintained for a shorter period of time, the material experience an initial strain until t1 in which the stress is relieved. The strain then immediately decrease gradually to a residual strain. [3] In this experiment, we will study the creep behaviour of a low-melting point metal (Lead, Pb) and a polymer (Polypropylene, PP) at room temperature. 2.2. Creep in Metals Creep can be observed in all metals if its operating temperature exceeds 0.3 to 0.5Tm [5] (Tm = Absolute Melting Temperature) (Figure 2.2.1) Creep strain (ÃŽ µ) depends on several variables, the most important variables are stress (ÏÆ') and temperature (T). Using stress and temperature, the creep rate () can be defined as: (Equation 2.2.1) Where, A = Constant n = Stress Exponent E = Activation energy for creep R = Universal gas constant Creep rate () increase as stress and temperature increase, hence Equation 2.2.1 can be redefined as: (Equation 2.2.2) Whereby n is the slope of vs lnA at constant temperature. 2.3. Creep in Polymers The creep in polymers is almost similar to the creep in metal as it is depends on stress and temperature, with a few exceptions. Comparing Figure 2.2.1 and Figure 2.3.1, the two graphs look similar except that Figure 2.3.1 has a recovery phase, which is termed as the reversal of creep. Possessing viscoelastic properties, the behavior of the material can be predicted using the Kelvin-Voigt model (Figure 2.1.2) as mentioned earlier, and hence, it will be used in this experiment. Equation 2.3.1 shows the relationship between the creep strain (ÃŽ µ) and time under constant stress: (Equation 2.3.1) Where and are the constant of the spring and dashpot respectively (Figure 2.1.2) On the other hand, Equation 2.3.2 shows the creep strain in relation to time: (Equation 2.3.2) Where is a constant. The data obtained can be plotted into an isochronous graph by taking the constant time section through the creep curves for a specific temperature. And the results obtained formed the isochronous graph. Experimental Procedures 3.1 Equipment for Creep Testing The load was applied steadily to the specimen using the lever principle shown in Figure 3.1.1. Steel pins were used to kept the specimen in place on one side of the lever and the weight hanger on the other. The weight hanger consist of 2 pinning position; the topmost hole was used when the hanger and loads were in rest position while the lower hole was used when the hanger was loaded. The following table shows the mass for the parts of the equipment which should be taken into consideration during the calculation of tensile force on the specimen If m was the mass of the load on the weight hanger, then the tensile force acting on the specimen can be defined by taking moment about pivot as shown in Figure 3.1.2. [(F+0.04) x 42] – [0.40 x 147] – [(0.16 + 0.04 +m) x 336] = 0 (Equation 3.1.1) Where, g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9.807m/s2 The extension of the specimen was measured using a dial gauge (DG). The DG was placed into a tube tightened using a nylon pinch screw to hold the DG in its place. It should be noted that the nylon pinch screw should only be tighten sufficiently to prevent the DG from moving when the loads were placed. The top of the DG was attached to the set up using a grooved plate which was bolted to the lever arm. This arrangement was to ensure the groove in this plate was two times the distance from the pivot to the centre of the specimen. Hence, the extension of the specimen detected by the DG was twice the actual extension of the specimen. And to counter for inaccuracy when zeroing the DG, an additional 3mm was taken into account before the start of the experiment. Thus, the actual extension of the specimen can be calculated by: (Equation 3.1.2) 3.2 Experiment Methods For the measurement of creep in lead, the load applied would be 0.9, 1.0 and 1.1kg. For the measurement of creep in polypropylene, the load applied would be 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9kg. Before conducting the experiment, the width, length, thickness and gauge length of the specimen was measured thrice using an electronic vernier caliper; the readings used for the calculation would be the average reading (highlighted in orange). 3.2.1 Experiment 1: Creep of Lead The lever arm was held in place using 2 pins; 1 of it to be inserted into the bearing block and the other onto the topmost hole of the weight hanger. Attached the specimen onto the set up using 2 pins. Place the Dial Gauge into the hole/tube but do not tighten the nylon screw yet. Attach the groove plate at the top of the Dial Gauge and lever arm and secure it using a thumb nut. Release the pin holding the weight hanger to take up any free movement. Make sure the specimen was placed vertically. Carefully adjust the Dial Gauge until the inner dial reads 3mm and the outer ring reads 0, then tighten the nylon screw. Load the required weight onto the hanger. Raise the loaded weight hanger to the lower hole (loading position) and insert the pin. Gently release the load and start stop watch. Record reading every 15 seconds for 30 minutes or till the specimen ruptures. In order to determine the secondary creep rate for each applied stress, 3 extension-time creep curves were required. The creep rate can be calculated using the following equation: (Equation 3.2.1.1) Where In this experiment, ln vs ln plot was required. Hence, the stress () on the specimen is given by: (Equation 3.2.1.2) Where, F is the load applied to the specimen (N) 3.2.2 Experiment 2: Creep of Polypropylene The test of creep of polypropylene is similar to that of lead, with a couple of exceptions. Before placing the specimen onto the set up, 2 ‘U’ brackets should be fitted over the 2 ends of the specimen. For polypropylene, elastic recovery was possible hence the specimen was not required to be tested until failure. Note that 15 minutes, 12 minutes and 7 minutes were the extension time required for 0.6kg, 0.7kg and 0.8kg respectively Place the required load onto the weight hanger. Record the extension for every 15 seconds for specific duration. After the extension period, remove the weights on the weight hanger and continue to record the reading (elastic recovery phase) every 15 seconds for 10 minutes or when the needle on the Dial Gauge stop moving for 1 minute. Repeat for other loads. Plot extension vs time curve to show the creep and recovery curve. In this experiment, strain vs stress plot was required. Hence, the strain rate () on the specimen is given by: (Equation 3.2.2.1) Where Results Results for Lead The increment of extension () was selected based on the results reflected on Figure 4.1.1. The creep rate (ÃŽÂ ­) of Lead was determine using Equation 3.2.1.1. The stress () applied onto the lead specimen was calculated using Equation 3.2.1.2. By adding ln to the values of and ÃŽÂ ­, Using the data from Table 4.1.1, we can plot a linear graph. Based on Figure 4.1.2, the stress exponent (n) from the straight line was 10.503. Results for Polypropylene A sudden drop was observed for 0.7kg, this was due to human error as results was not recorded promptly on specific time. Using Equation 3.2.1.2 3.2.2.1, the stress and strain rate is shown below: Based on Figure 4.2.1, when stress is constant, the strain increases as time increases, which tallies with the theory. 5. Discussion Usefulness of the Plot of lnÏÆ' vs lnÃŽÂ ­ By plotting lnÏÆ' against lnÃŽÂ ­, we can determine the gradient (n) or the stress exponent of the specimen, which correspond to the controlling mechanism of creep under testing conditions. Stress Exponent for Lead The stress exponent indicates the influence of deformation rate on the mechanical strength of the specimen.[7] At low stresses, n equals to 1, which indicates pure diffusion creep. At high stresses, n > 1, indicating other creeping mechanism besides pure diffusion. Factors affecting the stress exponent value The stress exponent for lead in this experiment was found out to be 10.503. And the factors which affects the value is the type of creeping mechanism behind the specimen. Some creeping mechanisms include Coble creep (Grain boundary diffusion) and Dislocation creep/climb (Power law creep).[8] Creep of Metals in Design Consideration The following are some methods to minimize creeping in metals: Employ materials with high Tm Reduce the effect of grain boundaries by using a single crystal with large grains or adding solid solutions to eliminate vacancies[9] Creep is an important consideration for when a component have to support a load at temperatures where Tabs/TM > 0.4.[10] For high temperature, creep is an important consideration in these three areas: Displacement-limited applications such as turbine rotors in jet engines Rupture-limited applications such as high pressure steam pipes Stress Relaxation limited applications such as tightened bolts and suspended cables [11] Viscoelastic Behaviour Materials which exhibits both viscous and elastic property during deformation is known as viscoelasticity.[12] In this experiment, both lead and polypropylene exhibits viscoelasticity to different extend. For lead, the time taken in which the specimen rupture decreases as the stress increases. However, its viscoelasticity is not high hence, its recovery phase is not as significant as polypropylene. Furthermore, the structure of lead is more crystalline than polypropylene, which means it is more brittle and more prone to rupture. For polypropylene, the extension increases as the stress increases. The extension and recovery rate of each load are as follow: Recovery rate is possible on polypropylene specimen because it has higher elasticity due to its amorphous structure. The amorphous structure untangles and lengthens out until it becomes crystalline. Conclusion In conclusion, the results obtained from the experiment is true to theory. Unfortunately, during the creep test for lead, some results are missing due to some human error resulting in an incomplete graph as depicted in Figure 4.2.1. For the creep in lead, load 1.0kg and 1.1kg rupture before 30 minutes. This shows that the heavier the load, the faster the creep rate. At even high temperature, t

DVD Technology Essay

It is truly a fact that we are living in this modern world which all technologies are advanced and improved. One of these technologies is in the DVD technology. Before, we normally used CDs as main novelty to the PC’s world but now, DVD is more used and preferred by multitudes of masses due to its admirable features which the CD doesn’t have. DVD was formerly represented as Digital Video Disc but then changed into Digital Versatile Disc and is considered as the next generation of the optical disc storage technology which is predicted and awaited to quickly substitute the CD-ROM disc along with audio compact disc around the following several years. DVD contains 4. 7 information’s gigabytes on one of its both sides or sufficient for a 133-minute movie. Having two layers on every of its both sides, it will keep up to 17 gigabytes of audio, video and other data. DVD-Video is the typical term for the DVD format designed for full-length motion pictures and which will drive with our television set. The DVD-ROM keeps computer information and is read through a DVD-ROM drive which is connected to a computer, the DVD-RAM is the writeable version while the DVD-Audio is a player which is designed to substitute our compact disc player (see Bellis, Mary. â€Å"DVD†. http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/bldvd. htm). A DVD with correctly structured and formatted video substance is a DVD-Video. The DVDs with correct structured and formatted audio are termed as DVD-Audio discs. And everything as well is named as a DVD-Data disc as well as the other types of DVD discs which have video (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 27, 2006). The purposes of this study are to: (1) know the history of DVD technology; and (2) be acquainted with its useful features and its functions; and how it is being distinct from CD. History The invention of DVD was all started in early of 1990s which two high-density optical storage standards were being technology advanced: the first one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc which was supported by Sony and Philips; and the second one was the Super Density disc which was approved and accepted by Time-Warner, Hitachi, Pioneer, JVC, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba, Thomson, and Matsushita Electric. The IBM president named Lou Gertsner has exerted an effort to join and bring together the two companies to back up solitary standard, getting ahead a repeat of the expensive and inflated format war amongst Betamax and VHS in 1980s (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 27, 2006). In 1994 of May, Philips and Sony promulgated that they would be willingly and jointly develop a newfangled high-density medium popularly known as Digital Video Disc or DVD. This new technology was considered as the successor to compact discs or CD-ROM for computers and substitute laserdiscs and VHS tapes in the amusement industry. Just like a CD, DVD discs have similar diameter-about 120mm and thickness is about 1. 2 mm- just as Compact disc has but DVD is more advance and useful due to its capability to use both discs’ sides for data storage. The large video games which need and require a number of CDs would merely necessitate only one DVD disc. Later on, newfangled technology’s development instantaneously induced dilemmas of a political nature. The Warner Home Entertainment and Toshiba declared their own project to work out the same but yet precisely distinct from DVD technology at the same time. Associations like the Hollywood Digital Video Disc Advisory Group had a sensible and rational interest in this technology’s development. Movie suppliers started to stir up disagreements and controversies which concern the essential of copy protections in the DVD requirement and description. But then, Sony was the first to display its DVD technology. In 1995, John Eargle explained and illustrated the presentation which was conducted at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show. In his writings entitled â€Å"The Great DVD debate† stated that: â€Å"its color and sharpness was more than a match for the Laserdisc â€Å". But Eargle’s attention was on the technological requirements which had been formally and legitimately promulgated in December of the same year. The DVD’s intensification and enlargement data density was credited to a laser of a color advanced in the light spectrum and a technology that were being technologically advanced with 3M which permit the laser to be focus again to one second â€Å"layer† in the disc. It has a double-layer disc which amplifies the volume and dimensions to 7. 4 gigabytes. Throughout the spring of 1995, the disagreement of both developers had been stimulated through Toshiba’s personal growth and advancement of a two-layer disc named as SD or Super density (Chapin, R. â€Å"History of DVD†). DVD recordable and rewritable DVD recordable and DVD rewritable denote to DVD optical disc formats which can be â€Å"burned† either rewritable or write once format. DVD recordable is an overall name which denotes to both rewritable and writes-once formats, while DVD writable denotes solely to rewritable formats. The DVD promoted and marketed as 4. 7 GB might seem to keep not more than that for the reason that manufacturers quote the volume of a writable DVD disc utilizing decimal prefixes instead of the binary prefixes utilized by number of software. On the other hand, a 4. 7 GB DVD can be able to accumulate 4. 7 billion bytes, utilizing the binary prefixes which has similar capacity is approximately 4. 38 GiB (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 18, 2006). Dual Layer Recording Dual Layer recoding permits DVD-R and DVD+R discs to accumulate and put in storage extensively more info or data which is capable of 8. 5 Gigabytes per disc, when contrasted with 4. 7 Gigabytes designed for single-layer discs. The DVD-R DL or â€Å"dual layer† was technologically advanced for the DVD Forum by the Pioneer Corporation while the DVD+R DL or â€Å"dual layer† was technologically advanced intended for the DVD+RW Alliance by Sony. Below are the two figures of DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 28, 2006). Figure of DVD-R DL Double Layer DVD+R Its Restrictions The DVD-Video includes four corresponding systems designed to limit and constraint the DVD user in a variety of procedures and these are the Content Scrambling System, Region codes, disabled user operations (UOP) and Macrovision. *Content Scrambling System* > It is a Digital Rights Management or DRM plan make used on various DVDs. It make uses a weak, proprietary 40 bit stream cipher algorithm which has successively been compromised. It was in 1996 that the system was presented and established (wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 26, 2006). *Region Codes* > it is the programming practice, chip, physical barrier, or code which is make used to stop or block the playing media designed for a device which comes from a place where it is introduced and distributed on the version of similar device distributed in another place. It is a kind of a form of vendor lock-in (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 26, 2006). *Disabled User Operations* > DVD-Video permits the disc to identify or indicate whether or not the handler may carry out any operation like skipping chapters, rewinding or forwarding, selecting a menu which is fundamentally any function on the remote control. This system is named as Prohibited User Operations or User Operation Prohibitions. *Macrovision* > It is a company which makes electronic prevention plans and was established in 1963. The term is occasionally used to denote to specific video copy prevention plans which were technologically advanced by the company. Its features Some of the DVDs main features are: (1) copy protection built into standard; (2) DVD-ROM for improved multimedia and games applications; (3) every format uses a common file system; (4) DVD-Audio for advanced quality music, graphics and other features and surround sound and optical video and many others; (5) Backwards compatibility with current CD media and many others (see DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)†. http://www. usbyte. com/common/dvd. htm#Introduction). Hence, DVD it is widely used now globally. ______________________________________________________________________________ References: 1. Bellis, Mary. â€Å"DVD†. http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/bldvd. htm) 2. †DVD†. August 28, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DVD 3. Chapin, R. â€Å"History of DVD†. http://www. miqrogroove. com/writing/History%20of%20DVD. html 4. â€Å"DVD recordable†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. August 18, 2006http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DVD_recordable 5. â€Å"Content Scramble System†. August 26, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Content_Scrambling_System 6. â€Å"DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)†. http://www. usbyte. com/common/dvd. htm#Introduction

Caffeine C and E

What Do I Get From My Morning Coffee Some people are morning people, but I am not one of those people. Every morning it seems as if I am in a fog until that warm cup of coffee touches my lips. Similar to a drug habit, the more a person drinks coffee, the more it seems like that person cant function without it. But what are you really getting from your coffee? Along with other factors, coffee can have both positive and negative effects on your health. Coffee improves the bodys tolerance to glucose by increasing metabolism or mproving its tolerance to insulin.People who drink four cups of caffeinated coffee each day had shown to be 56 percent less likely to develop diabetes than were non- drinkers. Diabetes is the most common risk factor of liver cancer, so American adults may have something to celebrate as they sip their morning cup. A study of one hundred twenty-four older adults, ages sixty-five to eighty-eight, with mild cognitive impairment found that caffeine and coffee intake wa s associated with a reduced risk f developing Dementia and early onset Alzheimer's.Coffee is known to be problematic for acid reflux and heartburn. Acid reflux and heartburn can be caused by coffee due to the way it relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter (muscle that closes the airway). This small muscle should remain tightly closed to prevent the contents of your stomach from coming back up into the esophagus and burning its lining with hydrochloric acid. Drinking a lot of coffee will promote the release of the stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine.These hemicals increase your bodys heart rate, blood pressure and tension levels – the old fight or flight' response. All of this depends on how much coffee and caffeine your body can handle at one time. Although your shoe size isn't a factor that affects coffee, there are a number of other things that do, these include: your age, gender, how long you have drinkin coffee, and what kind of coffee you drink. Some studies show tha t drinking decaffeinated coffee does not have the same effects of drinking regular coffee. So it might Just be time to switch that morning cup.

Essay on Should High School Students Join the Military

Less than one percent of all Americans are enlisted in the military. An even smaller percentage of high school students are enlisted in the military. Students are thought to be incompetent, and not mature enough to decide on enlisting in the military. However, students should be allowed to join the military. The military offers many benefits students can use to help their future. The protection of our country is not overlooked for recruits; they are awarded many personal benefits as well. Tuition assistance, job training, and many benefits that help prepare recruits for occupations while enlisted. Not only are students getting great benefits, but they are also in a small group of professional workers. High School Students should be allowed†¦show more content†¦After the courses are completed, the individual goes straight to the military for the branch, as an officer, he enrolled in. He also are given many different allowances. The allowances given are usually a housing allowance and a food allowance, depending on the region the individual is attending college. He also gets his tuition paid for, as well as money for books and monthly spending allowance (Yuengling). Worrying about college can be avoided from joining the military. The military even pays for children of veterans and active duty soldiers. Through the military an individual may be relieved, because of all the educational benefits provided for him. The military can help fuel the future of any soldier who wants the benefits. Education is not the only benefit that comes from service in the military. When many people first join, they are assigned MOSs. MOSs are jobs assigned to someone when they first join (Nance). Each MOS is specific and is usually related to the field an individual is interested in. He is sent to training immediately after basic training. Each branch of the military has different jobs, depending on what is available. Jobs can range from being a dentist to becoming a lawyer, but each has its own school for the individual to go to. He is housed in apartment complexes paid for by the government. Many companies and firms look for military veterans, because of the fact they are so well trained (Kingsbury). While in basicShow MoreRelatedShould High School Students Join the Military? Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesLess than one percent of all Americans are enlisted in the military. An even smaller percentage of high school students are enlisted. Students are thought to be incompetent, and no t mature enough to decide on enlisting in the military. However, students should be allowed to join the military. The military offers many benefits students can use to help their future. The protection of our country is not overlooked for recruits; they are awarded many personal benefits as well. Tuition assistance, jobRead MoreMilitary Recruiters in School. Why Not? Essay704 Words   |  3 PagesThe military is an essential component of the security of the United States. The military needs men and women at the peak of their performance. Because of this, the military looks to recruit high school students as young as seventeen years old. However, many people do not want recruiters in high schools and the debate of whether high schools should allow military recruiters inside has transpired. Numerous reasons exist explaining why schools should allow recruiters on campuses. High schools shouldRead MoreA Brief Note On Valley Forge Military Academy College1277 Words   |  6 PagesVall ey Forge Military Academy College (VFMAC) is an institution that has adapted the military model in offering studies. A military model is an arrangement that an organization uses to achieve its key goals through the application of key values that are used within the military. The adopted values include culture and the lifestyle that is practiced by the military. The military is applied as the major means through which leaning is offered. Some of the ways through which the military concepts areRead MoreImmigration And The United States1525 Words   |  7 Pagesof dilemmas. Not only is this how immigrants feel in Arizona, but in any other country. They speak safety and freedom and they show vulnerability and danger. We don’t feel safe driving around or doing anything outside of our homes. Laws like this, should not even be considered, because in many daily life situations, if it weren’t for immigrants to work for an everyday living and for everybody else, many people wo uld not have a home, nor food. Many jobs out there that few Americans are not willingRead MoreEnrollment Factors That Affect Potential Students919 Words   |  4 PagesFactors that Affect Potential Students College Alternatives Workforce. A job teaches you things that can propel a student into starring college later in life. A smooth transition from high school to the workforce involves a high school curriculum that builds on the workforce expectations. Students can find well-paying jobs if they are well prepared for the interview and the job itself (Fitzgerald, 2003). Research has shown that students that graduate from high school and join the workforce are not preparedRead MoreEssay on Military Service Should be Mandatory822 Words   |  4 PagesMilitary Service Should be Mandatory Americans, especially baby boomers, should be ashamed of themselves. How can the worlds richest population let its military go begging for recruits? Each year, the military services -- Air Force, Army, Marines, Navy -- establish recruiting goals to maintain adequate numbers of personnel. The numbers change annually depending on, among other factors, service needs, recruitment figures the year before and retention of current troops. Most informed folksRead MoreTo Whom It May Concern, I Am Writing To Request That The1241 Words   |  5 Pagesrequest that the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) grant me deferred action and not to deport me. I think I should not get deported because my case meets the criteria for deferred action eligibility under the Military Accession Vital to the National Interest (Mavni) program. I am an international student in the United State under the F1 student visa. I came to the United States January 2014. I have been here for 3 years now, pursuing a bachelor’s degree in Computer ScienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Bowden s Black Hawk Down1651 Words   |  7 Pagesis amongst the most profane, gory, and explicit military pieces in history. Why should the Morongo Unified School District’s approval even be up for consideration? October 3, 1993, the Battle of Mogadishu stamped itself in American history. The intense battle between American and Somali soldie rs resulted in the death of eighteen American men, as well as the severe injury of seventy and counting. Exposing students within the M.U.S.D. allows for students to learn from first hand experiences, as wellRead MoreCollege Hazing1417 Words   |  6 PagesBlake Hampton Mr. Coleman English-102 April 16, 2009 College Hazing Students come into college wanting to have fun and to meet new people. There is no better way to interact and find new friends than to join a fraternity. Fraternities come with a high cost though. Hazing is one of the biggest concerns on college campuses these days. Hazing in universities across the nation has become an increasingly dangerous ritual that is seemingly becoming more difficult to put an end to due to its developmentRead MoreBecoming An Army National Guard Recruiter Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pages I will explain the demographics of Hall County Georgia, administering a schools program, and a plan for a yearly sustainment program. I will be picking one school to focus on but also provide a plan to maintain my other schools. We recruit all year so I will provide a yearly plan broken down by quarter with whom and how I plan to get quality leads for future enlistments. I believe developing good relationships with schools and having a fluid plan on area canvassing to deve lop COI’s and VIP’s will

Essay on The Death Penalty - 1554 Words

Almost all nations in the world either have the death sentence or have had it at one time. It was used in most cases to punish those who broke the laws or standards that were expected of them. Since the death penalty wastes tax money, is inhumane, and is largely unnecessary it should be abolished in every state across the United States. The use of the death penalty puts the United States in the same category as countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia which are two of the world’s worst human rights violators (Friedman 34). Lauri Friedman quotes, â€Å"Executions simply inject more violence into an already hostile American society.† The cost of the Death Penalty is highly expensive. A case to put someone in jail costs on average two million†¦show more content†¦Lynn Pasquerella quotes, â€Å"Executing a murderer does not change what has been done nor does it compensate for the less suffered by the victim and the victim’s family.† The eighth amendme nt in the United States constitution prohibits the cruel and unusual punishment of a person therefore the death penalty should be prohibited in every state in the United States. Is it right to administer the death penalty if the crime is not proven justly and in full? There is always a possibility that the death penalty could be administered to someone who was innocent. Since the death penalty was reinstated a hundred and thirty nine death row inmates have been exonerated, according to the Death Penalty Information Center (Overall). In 2009 alone nine death row inmates were exonerated after courts overturned conviction because of lack of evidence. This ranks the second highest number of exonerations since the death penalty was reinstated in the United States (Overall). With this stated, do we know as citizens that every inmate on death row is guilty? Do we wish to persecute an innocent man or woman and have their family suffer daily from the loss of the family member? No, we as citizens do not know these things for certain and it would be better to administer life in prison than to murder an innocent man or woman. Sixty three percent on Gallup Poll sa y an innocent person has been executed in the lastShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MorePro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the subject. When we were discussing the death penalty although my opinion didn’t change, after hearing what some of my classmates had to say about the subject during our lab I was able to respectfully see why they had those thoughts and feelings about the subject. I believe that we should have the death penalty, and that it helps prevents more crime from happening. However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyeing or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailedRead MoreThe Bible and Death Penalty Essay example812 Words   |  4 Pagesa person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penalty which have to do with my topic of interest. My hypothesis is thatRead More The Death Penalty Is Archaic and Immoral Essays559 Words   |  3 Pages The death penalty is simply a modernized version of the Holy Bible’s â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot†. Some argue that death is a necessary retribution for murderous cases - but is it effective morally? Revenge only glorifies violence, which is most definitely not the message the world strives to display. The death penalty is a negative form of punishment and insinuates a harsh reflection of society economically, politically, and socially. Read MoreEssay on Death Penalty - Herrera vs Collins1337 Words   |  6 PagesDeath Penalty - Herrera vs Collins The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is no

Government Or Controlled Demolition Essay - 1219 Words

Government or Controlled Demolition The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda in the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. They attacked the Twin Towers in New York City. There are different conspiracy theories with the 9/11 attack but the most important conspiracy theory is that the collapse of the twin towers were the result of controlled demolition by the government rather than structural failure due to impact and fire. Now the question remains, was it controlled demolition or was it terrorist attacking the World Trade Center on purpose? This conspiracy theory revolves around authorities knowing about the attackers and also guiding them to complete their terror attack. None of the deaths would have happened without the deliberate unplugging of Americas air defense. The twin tower did not fall of plane impacts or fire. People claim that jet fuel doesn’t melt steel beams. It was a controlled explosion by the government. â€Å"Our mission is to expose the official lies in a way that inspires the people to overcome denial and understand the truth.† People want answers to what happened that morning, devastation all around. Conspiracy theorists believe that the government dismissed all the signs that were in their face because this attack was a controlled demolition. Dr. Griffin concluded that, it is already possible to know, beyond a reasonable doubt, one very important thing: theShow MoreRelatedTerrorist Attacks On The United States1453 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans started to believe in conspiracies proving the government was behind it all. To add, Americans also believed that the U.S. government knew in advance of the terrorist attacks on September 11th due to the time between the attacks and the Bush administration’s attempt to investigate, the National Security Association’s lack of investigation of suspicious phone calls, and the odd â€Å"collapse† of World Trade Center Seven. However, the government tried to counter attack with the points that Al QaedaRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States1463 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans started to believe in conspiracies proving the government was behind it all. Americans believe that the U.S. government knew in advance of the terrorist attacks on September 11th due to the time between the attacks and the Bush administration’s attempt to investigate, the National Security Association’s lack of investigation of suspicious phone calls, and the odd â€Å"collapse† of World Trade Center building 7. However, the government tried to counter attack with the points that Al Qaeda wasRead MoreThe Patriot Act Through Congress Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagescontinue reading this essay with an open mind as I shed light on the fact that United States government was actually behind the whole thing. Thinking about the government knowing about these attacks and doing nothing about it is sickening. Nobody wants to believe it, and that makes it all the ever more important. The first thing that may come to mind when trying to comprehend this idea is, why would the government want to do something like this anyway? One theory suggests that they needed to push theRead MoreThe Theory of Controlled Demolition that let to the Collape of the World Trade Center982 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of controlled demolition that let to the collape of the World Trade Center, was widely believed and a potential possibility. Demolition experts reviewed the videos of the World Trade Center falling and they agreed about how a controlled demolition could have been the cause of the collapse. According to experts, the building fell as if many small explosives were planted on all sides and it exploded in a very specific order. This is very similar to a controlled demolition. When videos ofRead MoreSumm ary : Loose Change 1264 Words   |  6 PagesPentagon’s attack and WTC’s collapse. It implies that the September 11 attack was plotted by American government and the purpose of economic issue from the hegemony financial group and reglious issue of Islam. Before the 9/11 attacks, the world has no clear perception about the Middle East. However, after 9/11 the Middle East Islam has been tagged with terroist. The film argues that the American government has prior knowledge of terrorist attacks and has some relationship with radical changes in foreignRead More9/11 Conspiracy Theories Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesCenters on September 11, 2001, but there are a select few that, similar to the truth, cannot be disproved without quite a bit of effort. One theory is that the Twin Towers were destroyed by controlled demolitions. Another idea of what happened is that planes did hit the towers, but they were remote controlled. A third theory is that Al Qaeda is not responsible for the 9-11 attacks (The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories, n.d.). And last, but certainly not least, is the theory that the 9-11 attacksRead MoreThe Events That Took Place On September 111144 Words   |  5 Pagesplaced in the basement of the buildings, set to detonate at the exact time that the planes hit the towers. These bombs were set up by our own government. The government did this so that they could steal gold and oil while maintaining public hatred among the Middle East and terrorism. Several videos show that the buildings collapsed like a controlled demolition. The south tower collapsed in one hour of burning and the north collapsed in two hours of burning. It is fact that fire has never broughtRead MoreWhat Happened Was An Accident?1285 Words   |  6 Pages bringing the towers down in controlled implosions and killing over 3000 American citizens that day. This would explain why both of the buildings collapsed so quickly reaching free-fall speed, both neatly and symmetrically, collapsing completely into smithereens creating huge clouds of dust and ash, leaving no remains of their massive central vertical steel columns left standing. Due to the intelligence of some Americans, who thought hard about the U.S. government s explanation of the events ofRead MoreThe Events Of September 11th1646 Words   |  7 Pagescan create. The events of September 11th happened so fast that lots of details were overlooked but now, six years later one can finally take a breath and really look into what happened. The inevitable outcome is simply that George W. Bush and his government secretly put together the events of September 11th to rally the support of the U.S. citizens on many issues. This is such a strong accusation to make but a little common sense and evidence can quickly refute that our president is anything but aRead MoreQuestions On The World Trade Center Terror Attacks1538 Words   |  7 Pagesdetailed picture on the conspiracies behind 9/11 ranging from the catastrophe was a false flag operation in order to rationalise the war on terror commencing to the government knew it would happen and didn’t stop the terrorists from acting out their operations and to the towers coming down like a tonne of bricks was caused by controlled demolition. The contents of this documentary will be relevant for questions 2 and 3 as it would explain some strong key theories and elaborate on them and because of the

Language Nation and Development System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Language Nation and Development System. Answer: Introduction: Aquiono government aimed at making Philippines a success story with exit of Marcos and entry of Cory, democracy was set into place. Dictator ruling Aquino went on to coup attempts which made to solve problems which Marcoses had caused(Gonzalez, 2007). There had been various contradictory views regarding Philippines that lagged to comfort masses as it was far from being realists. While countries around Philippines had been developing rapidly as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and so on. In Philippines there had been contrary beliefs, leading to cultures management making the country poor inspite of it being naturally rich. Culture along with its political system remains the major barrier for development in the country. However, currently the economy has stopped shrinking since the Marcos years. There are various rich Filipinos who have brought back tremendous amounts capital in the country. The prevailing culture however led to failure to develop a feeling of nationalism amongst it s population(Bankoff, 2016). Democracy has made its way back into Philippines in a major manner, along with incorporating in election processes. Rumors regarding impending coups have been cropping ever since that occupies political Manila scandals. Reference Lists Bankoff, G. (2016). Hazardousness of place: A new comparative approach to the Filipino past. Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, 335-357. Gonzalez, A. (2007). Language, nation and development management in the Philippines. Language nation and development, 7-16.